Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kowh₁-éye-ti, a causative o-grade formation from *(s)kewh₁- (“to observe, perceive”).[1] Older theories derived the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to cut, hew, equip”), comparing Ancient Greek σκεῦος (skeûos, “vessel, device”),[2] or from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to cut, hew”).[3]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hawjaną

  1. to carry out; perform; execute; fulfil

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hawjō *hawjaų — *hawjai ?
2nd singular *hawisi *hawjais *hawi *hawjasai *hawjaisau
3rd singular *hawiþi *hawjai *hawjaþau *hawjaþai *hawjaiþau
1st dual *hawjōs *hawjaiw — — —
2nd dual *hawjaþiz *hawjaiþiz *hawjaþiz — —
1st plural *hawjamaz *hawjaim — *hawjanþai *hawjainþau
2nd plural *hawiþ *hawjaiþ *hawiþ *hawjanþai *hawjainþau
3rd plural *hawjanþi *hawjain *hawjanþau *hawjanþai *hawjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hawidǭ *hawidēdį̄
2nd singular *hawidēz *hawidēdīz
3rd singular *hawidē *hawidēdī
1st dual *hawidēdū *hawidēdīw
2nd dual *hawidēdudiz *hawidēdīdiz
1st plural *hawidēdum *hawidēdīm
2nd plural *hawidēdud *hawidēdīd
3rd plural *hawidēdun *hawidēdīn
present past
participles *hawjandz *hawidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *hauwjan
    • Old English: hīeġan, hēġan, hīġan
    • Old Frisian: hēia
  • Old Norse: heyja

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haujan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 215-216
  2. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(s)keu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 950–951
  3. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xawjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 167
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