Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/heufaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kew- (“to howl, scream”). Possibly related to Lithuanian šaukiù and šaũkti (“shout, yell, cry”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxeu̯.ɸɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*heufaną^[1]

to lament, grieve, wail

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*heufō	*heufaų	—	*heufai	?
2nd singular	*hiufizi	*heufaiz	*heuf	*heufazai	*heufaizau
3rd singular	*hiufidi	*heufai	*heufadau	*heufadai	*heufaidau
1st dual	*heufōz	*heufaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*heufadiz	*heufaidiz	*heufadiz	—	—
1st plural	*heufamaz	*heufaim	—	*heufandai	*heufaindau
2nd plural	*hiufid	*heufaid	*hiufid	*heufandai	*heufaindau
3rd plural	*heufandi	*heufain	*heufandau	*heufandai	*heufaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hauf	*hubį̄
2nd singular	*hauft	*hubīz
3rd singular	*hauf	*hubī
1st dual	*hubū	*hubīw
2nd dual	*hubudiz	*hubīdiz
1st plural	*hubum	*hubīm
2nd plural	*hubud	*hubīd
3rd plural	*hubun	*hubīn

	present	past
participles	*heufandz	*hubanaz

Alternative forms

*heubaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *heufan, *heuban
- Old English: hēofan
- Old Saxon: hiovan, heovan, hioƀan
- ⇒ Old Saxon: hofna f
- Old High German: hiofan, hiufan, hioban
  - ⇒ Old High German: hiufina f
⇒ Old Norse: hjúfra
- Icelandic: hjúfra
Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌽 (hiufan)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xeufanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 171

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xeufanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 171

[1]