Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hnītaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kneyd-, from *ken- (“to scratch; scrape; rub”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxniː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hnītaną^[1]^[2]

to push; knock; butt against

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hnītō	*hnītaų	—	*hnītai	?
2nd singular	*hnītizi	*hnītaiz	*hnīt	*hnītazai	*hnītaizau
3rd singular	*hnītidi	*hnītai	*hnītadau	*hnītadai	*hnītaidau
1st dual	*hnītōz	*hnītaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hnītadiz	*hnītaidiz	*hnītadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hnītamaz	*hnītaim	—	*hnītandai	*hnītaindau
2nd plural	*hnītid	*hnītaid	*hnītid	*hnītandai	*hnītaindau
3rd plural	*hnītandi	*hnītain	*hnītandau	*hnītandai	*hnītaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hnait	*hnitį̄
2nd singular	*hnaist	*hnitīz
3rd singular	*hnait	*hnitī
1st dual	*hnitū	*hnitīw
2nd dual	*hnitudiz	*hnitīdiz
1st plural	*hnitum	*hnitīm
2nd plural	*hnitud	*hnitīd
3rd plural	*hnitun	*hnitīn

	present	past
participles	*hnītandz	*hnitanaz

Derived terms

*hnaitijaną
*hnitulaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hnītan
- Old English: hnītan
  - Middle English: *niten, *nyten
    - Scots: noit, knoit, note
      - → English: note
- Old Frisian: *hnīta
  - ⇒ West Frisian: nytsje
- Old Saxon: *hnītan
  - Middle Low German: nîten
    - German Low German: nieten
    - → German: nieten
  - → Danish: nitte
  - ⇒ Old Saxon: ofhnītan
- Old Dutch: *nītan
  - Middle Dutch: *niten
    - Dutch: nijten (dialectal)
Old Norse: hníta
- Icelandic: hníta
- Norwegian Nynorsk: nita, nite
- Swedish: nita

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hnītan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*hnītanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hnītan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*hnītanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180

[1]

[2]