Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrawaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑ.wɑz/

Adjective

*hrawaz

raw, uncooked

Inflection

Declension of *hrawaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*hrawaz	*hrawō	*hrawą, -atō	*hrawai	*hrawôz	*hrawō
accusative	*hrawanǭ	*hrawǭ	*hrawą, -atō	*hrawanz	*hrawōz	*hrawō
genitive	*hrawas, -is	*hrawaizōz	*hrawas, -is	*hrawaizǫ̂	*hrawaizǫ̂	*hrawaizǫ̂
dative	*hrawammai	*hrawaizōi	*hrawammai	*hrawaimaz	*hrawaimaz	*hrawaimaz
instrumental	*hrawanō	*hrawaizō	*hrawanō	*hrawaimiz	*hrawaimiz	*hrawaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*hrawô	*hrawǭ	*hrawô	*hrawaniz	*hrawōniz	*hrawōnō
accusative	*hrawanų	*hrawōnų	*hrawô	*hrawanunz	*hrawōnunz	*hrawōnō
genitive	*hrawiniz	*hrawōniz	*hrawiniz	*hrawanǫ̂	*hrawōnǫ̂	*hrawanǫ̂
dative	*hrawini	*hrawōni	*hrawini	*hrawammaz	*hrawōmaz	*hrawammaz
instrumental	*hrawinē	*hrawōnē	*hrawinē	*hrawammiz	*hrawōmiz	*hrawammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hrau
- Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
  - Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
    - English: raw
    - Scots: raw
- Old Frisian: *hrā, *hrē
  - Saterland Frisian: räi
  - West Frisian: rau
- Old Saxon: hrāo
  - Middle Low German: rō
- Old Dutch: *rao, *rō
  - Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu
    - Dutch: rauw
      - Afrikaans: rou
- Old High German: rō, hrō, rao, rāo
  - Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
    - Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
      - Luxembourgish: réi
    - German: roh
    - Yiddish: רוי (roy)
Old Norse: hrár
- Icelandic: hrár
- Faroese: ráur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: rå
- Norwegian Bokmål: rå
- Elfdalian: rå
- Old Swedish: rār
  - Swedish: rå
- Old Danish: rā
  - Danish: rå
  - Scanian: aráer
- Gutnish: råar
→ Proto-Finnic: *raaka
- Estonian: raag-
  - ⇒ Estonian: raagnahk
- Finnish: raaka^[2]

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrawa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 244
^ Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, Germanic Verschärfung, in Historical Linguistics, 1987: Papers from the 8th International Conference (discusses *hrawaz, its PIE etymon *krewh₂- which it notates *kreu̯h₂-, the OE and OS and ON descendants, and the borrowing by Finnish - "the Finnish loanword raaka "raw" has a long /ā/ and appears to have been borrowed from a Northwest Germanic form [of PGmc. *hrawaz]")