Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kewwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”); compare Latin gingīva (“gums”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”), Polish żuć (“to chew”), Persian (javidan), Pashto [script needed] (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkew.wɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kewwaną^[1]^[2]

to chew

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kewwō	*kewwaų	—	*kewwai	?
2nd singular	*kiwwizi	*kewwaiz	*keww	*kewwazai	*kewwaizau
3rd singular	*kiwwidi	*kewwai	*kewwadau	*kewwadai	*kewwaidau
1st dual	*kewwōz	*kewwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kewwadiz	*kewwaidiz	*kewwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kewwamaz	*kewwaim	—	*kewwandai	*kewwaindau
2nd plural	*kiwwid	*kewwaid	*kiwwid	*kewwandai	*kewwaindau
3rd plural	*kewwandi	*kewwain	*kewwandau	*kewwandai	*kewwaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kau(w)	*kuwį̄
2nd singular	*kau(w)t	*kuwīz
3rd singular	*kau(w)	*kuwī
1st dual	*kuwū	*kuwīw
2nd dual	*kuwudiz	*kuwīdiz
1st plural	*kuwum	*kuwīm
2nd plural	*kuwud	*kuwīd
3rd plural	*kuwun	*kuwīn

	present	past
participles	*kewwandz	*kuwanaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *keuwan
- Old English: ċēowan
  - Middle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)
    - English: chew
      - → Pennsylvania German: tschaae
    - Scots: chow, chaw
- Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja
  - West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie
  - Saterland Frisian: kauje
- Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan
  - Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen
    - Low German: käwwen
- Old Dutch: *kiuwan, *kūwan
  - Middle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen
- Old High German: kiuwan
  - Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen
    - Alemannic German: chüüwe
    - Bavarian: kuin
    - Cimbrian: khòjan
    - German: kauen
    - Hunsrik: kaue
    - Pennsylvania German: kaue
Old Norse: tyggja, tyggva (< *kjuwwa; t- maybe from synonym tǫgla or from dissimilation)
- Icelandic: tyggja
- Faroese: tyggja
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: tygge
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: tygga, tygge, tyggja, tyggje
- Old Swedish: tiugga, tugga
  - Swedish: tugga
- Danish: tygge
- Dalian: tugga

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kewwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kewwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kewwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kewwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213

[1]

[2]