Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈknu.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*knudaną

to knead

Inflection

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

Conjugation of (strong class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*knudō	*knudaų	—	*knudai	?
2nd singular	*knudizi	*knudaiz	*knud	*knudazai	*knudaizau
3rd singular	*knudidi	*knudai	*knudadau	*knudadai	*knudaidau
1st dual	*knudōz	*knudaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*knudadiz	*knudaidiz	*knudadiz	—	—
1st plural	*knudamaz	*knudaim	—	*knudandai	*knudaindau
2nd plural	*knudid	*knudaid	*knudid	*knudandai	*knudaindau
3rd plural	*knudandi	*knudain	*knudandau	*knudandai	*knudaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*knaþ	*knēdį̄
2nd singular	*knast	*knēdīz
3rd singular	*knaþ	*knēdī
1st dual	*knēdū	*knēdīw
2nd dual	*knēdudiz	*knēdīdiz
1st plural	*knēdum	*knēdīm
2nd plural	*knēdud	*knēdīd
3rd plural	*knēdun	*knēdīn

	present	past
participles	*knudandz	*knudanaz

Related terms

Descendants

The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-.

Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
- Old English: cnedan
  - Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
    - English: knead
    - Scots: kned
- Old Frisian: *kneda
  - Saterland Frisian: kneede
  - ⇒ West Frisian: knetsje
- Old Saxon: knedan
  - Middle Low German: knēden
    - German Low German: kneden
- Old Dutch: *knedan
  - Middle Dutch: cnēden
    - Dutch: kneden
      - Afrikaans: knee
- Old High German: knëtan
  - Middle High German: knëten
    - German: kneten
      - Esperanto: knedi
    - Luxembourgish: knieden
    - Vilamovian: knāta
    - Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
    - ⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan
Old Norse: knoða
- Icelandic: hnoða
- Faroese: knoða
- Norwegian Nynorsk: knode
- Old Swedish: knodha
  - Swedish: knåda

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knedan- ~ *knudan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 295

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knedan- ~ *knudan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 295

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