Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).[1][2]

Verb

*krēaną

  1. (West Germanic) to crow, shout

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 7d)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krēō *krēaų — *krēai ?
2nd singular *krēizi *krēaiz *krē *krēazai *krēaizau
3rd singular *krēidi *krēai *krēadau *krēadai *krēaidau
1st dual *krēōz *krēaiw — — —
2nd dual *krēadiz *krēaidiz *krēadiz — —
1st plural *krēamaz *krēaim — *krēandai *krēaindau
2nd plural *krēid *krēaid *krēid *krēandai *krēaindau
3rd plural *krēandi *krēain *krēandau *krēandai *krēaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kekrē *kekrēį̄
2nd singular *kekrēt *kekrēīz
3rd singular *kekrē *kekrēī
1st dual *kekrēū *kekrēīw
2nd dual *kekrēudiz *kekrēīdiz
1st plural *kekrēum *kekrēīm
2nd plural *kekrēud *kekrēīd
3rd plural *kekrēun *kekrēīn
present past
participles *krēandz *krēanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *krāan, *krājan
    • Old English: crāwan
      • Middle English: crawen, crowen
    • Old Saxon: krāian
      • Middle Low German: kreien
    • Old Dutch: crāien
    • Old High German: krāen

References

  1. ^ Wolfgang Pfeifer, editor (1993), “krähen”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen (in German), 2nd edition, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
  2. ^ “crow”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
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