Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreupaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, the derivations containing -p(p)- and -b(b)- show that the root was originally Pre-Germanic *kreupp-, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to crawl”), rather than the traditionally given *grewb-.^[1] He gives Lithuanian grubinė́ti (“to stumble”) as a cognate.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkreu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kreupaną^[1]^[3]

to writhe, twist, wind
to creep, crawl

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kreupō	*kreupaų	—	*kreupai	?
2nd singular	*kriupizi	*kreupaiz	*kreup	*kreupazai	*kreupaizau
3rd singular	*kriupidi	*kreupai	*kreupadau	*kreupadai	*kreupaidau
1st dual	*kreupōz	*kreupaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kreupadiz	*kreupaidiz	*kreupadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kreupamaz	*kreupaim	—	*kreupandai	*kreupaindau
2nd plural	*kriupid	*kreupaid	*kriupid	*kreupandai	*kreupaindau
3rd plural	*kreupandi	*kreupain	*kreupandau	*kreupandai	*kreupaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kraup	*krupį̄
2nd singular	*krauft	*krupīz
3rd singular	*kraup	*krupī
1st dual	*krupū	*krupīw
2nd dual	*krupudiz	*krupīdiz
1st plural	*krupum	*krupīm
2nd plural	*krupud	*krupīd
3rd plural	*krupun	*krupīn

	present	past
participles	*kreupandz	*krupanaz

Related terms

*krupilaz/*kruppilaz
*kruppaz (possibly)
*kruppijaną
*kruppōną/*krubbōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kreupan
- Old English: crēopan
  - Middle English: crepen
    - English: creep
    - Scots: crepe, creip
- Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa
  - Saterland Frisian: krjope, kjoope
  - West Frisian: krippe, krûpe
- Old Saxon: kriopan
  - Middle Low German: krêpen, krûpen
    - German Low German: krepen, krupen
- Old Dutch: *crūpan
  - Middle Dutch: crupen
    - Dutch: kruipen
      - Afrikaans: kruip
      - Negerhollands: krup, kryb
    - Limburgish: kroepe
- Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan
  - Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
    - German: kraufen, krüpfen
    - Alemannic German: chrüpfen
    - Central Franconian: kruffe
Old Norse: krjúpa
- Icelandic: krjúpa
- Faroese: krúpa
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: krype
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: krype, krypa
- Old Swedish: krȳpa
  - Swedish: krypa
- Old Danish: krȳpæ
  - Danish: krybe
- Elfdalian: kriuopa
- Gutnish: kräupe
- Scanian: krýba
- → Scottish Gaelic: crùb

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kreupan- ~ *krūpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*krupp/bōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kreupanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 221

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kreupan- ~ *krūpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*krupp/bōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kreupanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 221

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[2]

[3]