Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kreupan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *kreupaną.

Verb

*kreupan

to creep, crawl

Inflection

Strong class 2
Infinitive	*kreupan
1st sg. past	*kraup
3rd pl. past	*krupun
Past ptcple	*kropan
Infinitive	*kreupan
Genitive infin.	*kreupannjas
Dative infin.	*kreupannjē
Instrum. infin.	*kreupannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*kreupu	*kraup
2nd singular	*kriupiʀi	*krupī
3rd singular	*kriupidi	*kraup
1st plural	*kreupum	*krupum
2nd plural	*kriupid	*krupud
3rd plural	*kreupand	*krupun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*kreupē	*krupī
2nd singular	*kreupēs	*krupī
3rd singular	*kreupē	*krupī
1st plural	*kreupēm	*krupīm
2nd plural	*kreupēþ	*krupīd
3rd plural	*kreupēn	*krupīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*kriup
Plural	*kriupid
	Present	Past
Participle	*kreupandī	*kropan

Descendants

Old English: crēopan
- Middle English: crepen
  - English: creep
  - Scots: crepe, creip
Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa
- Saterland Frisian: krjope, kjoope
- West Frisian: krippe, krûpe
Old Saxon: kriopan
- Middle Low German: krêpen, krûpen
  - German Low German: krepen, krupen
Old Dutch: *crūpan
- Middle Dutch: crupen
  - Dutch: kruipen
    - Afrikaans: kruip
    - Negerhollands: krup, kryb
  - Limburgish: kroepe
Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan
- Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
  - German: kraufen, krüpfen
  - Alemannic German: chrüpfen
  - Central Franconian: kruffe