Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/liþugaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Presumably from *liþuz (“joint, member”) +‎ *-gaz (forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of “being, having or doing”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈli.θu.ɣɑz/

Adjective

*liþugaz

flexible, free, unoccupied

Inflection

Declension of *liþugaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*liþugaz	*liþugō	*liþugą, -atō	*liþugai	*liþugôz	*liþugō
accusative	*liþuganǭ	*liþugǭ	*liþugą, -atō	*liþuganz	*liþugōz	*liþugō
genitive	*liþugas, -is	*liþugaizōz	*liþugas, -is	*liþugaizǫ̂	*liþugaizǫ̂	*liþugaizǫ̂
dative	*liþugammai	*liþugaizōi	*liþugammai	*liþugaimaz	*liþugaimaz	*liþugaimaz
instrumental	*liþuganō	*liþugaizō	*liþuganō	*liþugaimiz	*liþugaimiz	*liþugaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*liþugô	*liþugǭ	*liþugô	*liþuganiz	*liþugōniz	*liþugōnō
accusative	*liþuganų	*liþugōnų	*liþugô	*liþuganunz	*liþugōnunz	*liþugōnō
genitive	*liþuginiz	*liþugōniz	*liþuginiz	*liþuganǫ̂	*liþugōnǫ̂	*liþuganǫ̂
dative	*liþugini	*liþugōni	*liþugini	*liþugammaz	*liþugōmaz	*liþugammaz
instrumental	*liþuginē	*liþugōnē	*liþuginē	*liþugammiz	*liþugōmiz	*liþugammiz

Descendants

Old English: liþiġ
- Middle English: lethi
  - English: lithy
Old Frisian: lethoch, lethech, lethich
- Saterland Frisian: leedich
- West Frisian: liddich, leeg
Old Saxon: *lithig
- Middle Low German: ledich
  - German Low German: leddig
  - Plautdietsch: lädich
  - → Danish: ledig
  - → Swedish: ledig
  - → Norwegian: ledig
Frankish: *lithig
- Old Dutch: *lithig
  - Middle Dutch: lēdich
    - Dutch: leeg, ledig, leêg
      - Afrikaans: leeg, ledig
      - Negerhollands: leeg
      - → Sranan Tongo: leigi
        → Aukan: leigi
        → Caribbean Javanese: légi
    - Limburgish: leidig, laeg
- → Old French: liege, lige
  - → English: liege
Old High German: *lidig (?)
- Middle High German: lëdec, lëdic, leidec (expected i-form is rare; northern influence is speculative)
  - Central Franconian: leddig, lääch, lädig
    - Hunsrik: lettich
  - German: ledig
  - Yiddish: ליידיק (leydik)
Old Norse: liðugr
- Icelandic: liðugur
- Faroese: liðugur
- Old Swedish: lidhugher
  - Swedish: ledig (likely from Low German)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*liþu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 340: “G ledig”

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*liþu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 340: “G ledig”

[1]