Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skapjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin; the mechanical reconstruction of a supposed Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- yields no formal cognates, in addition to containing a final *-b. Kroonen tentatively supports Lehmann's suggestion of derivation from *skappōną (“to scrape”), itself the iterative form of *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”). The semantic shift from "to scrape, hollow out" > "to form" is reasonable, albeit not very trivial. Compare also Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (ufarskafts, “first fruits”), which appears to be a derivative of *skapjaną.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈskɑp.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skapjaną

  1. to make, to create
  2. to shape

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 6 j-present)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skapjō *skapjaų — *skapjai ?
2nd singular *skapisi *skapjais *skapi *skapjasai *skapjaisau
3rd singular *skapiþi *skapjai *skapjaþau *skapjaþai *skapjaiþau
1st dual *skapjōs *skapjaiw — — —
2nd dual *skapjaþiz *skapjaiþiz *skapjaþiz — —
1st plural *skapjamaz *skapjaim — *skapjanþai *skapjainþau
2nd plural *skapiþ *skapjaiþ *skapiþ *skapjanþai *skapjainþau
3rd plural *skapjanþi *skapjain *skapjanþau *skapjanþai *skapjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skōp *skōpį̄
2nd singular *skōft *skōpīz
3rd singular *skōp *skōpī
1st dual *skōpū *skōpīw
2nd dual *skōpudiz *skōpīdiz
1st plural *skōpum *skōpīm
2nd plural *skōpud *skōpīd
3rd plural *skōpun *skōpīn
present past
participles *skapjandz *skapanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skap(j)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 440
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