Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skarpaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

An o-grade adjective derived from *skerpaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb-,^[1] from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskɑr.pɑz/

Adjective

*skarpaz

Inflection

Declension of *skarpaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*skarpaz	*skarpō	*skarpą, -atō	*skarpai	*skarpôz	*skarpō
accusative	*skarpanǭ	*skarpǭ	*skarpą, -atō	*skarpanz	*skarpōz	*skarpō
genitive	*skarpas, -is	*skarpaizōz	*skarpas, -is	*skarpaizǫ̂	*skarpaizǫ̂	*skarpaizǫ̂
dative	*skarpammai	*skarpaizōi	*skarpammai	*skarpaimaz	*skarpaimaz	*skarpaimaz
instrumental	*skarpanō	*skarpaizō	*skarpanō	*skarpaimiz	*skarpaimiz	*skarpaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*skarpô	*skarpǭ	*skarpô	*skarpaniz	*skarpōniz	*skarpōnō
accusative	*skarpanų	*skarpōnų	*skarpô	*skarpanunz	*skarpōnunz	*skarpōnō
genitive	*skarpiniz	*skarpōniz	*skarpiniz	*skarpanǫ̂	*skarpōnǫ̂	*skarpanǫ̂
dative	*skarpini	*skarpōni	*skarpini	*skarpammaz	*skarpōmaz	*skarpammaz
instrumental	*skarpinē	*skarpōnē	*skarpinē	*skarpammiz	*skarpōmiz	*skarpammiz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skarp
- Old English: sċarp, sċearp
  - Middle English: scharp
    - Scots: sharp, scharp
    - English: sharp
- Old Frisian: skerp, skarp
  - Saterland Frisian: skärp, skäärp, schäärp
  - West Frisian: skerp
- Old Saxon: skarp
  - Middle Low German: scharp
    - Low German: scherp, scharp
- Old Dutch: scarp
  - Middle Dutch: scharp
    - Dutch: scherp
      - Afrikaans: skerp
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: skarpu
      - Negerhollands: skerp
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: skarp
      - → Papiamentu: skèrpi, skerpi, scherpi
      - →? Sranan Tongo: srapu
        → Saramaccan: saápu
    - Limburgish: sjèrp
- Old High German: scarf, scarph
  - Middle High German: scharpf
    - Alemannic German: scharpf
    - Bavarian: scharf
    - Central Franconian: schärp, scharp (eastern Ripuarian), scharf (Moselle Franconian; now alternatively in Ripuarian via German)
    - German: scharf
    - Hunsrik: schaaref
    - Luxembourgish: schaarf
    - Yiddish: שאַרף (sharf)
- → Old Catalan: escarp
  - Catalan: esquerp
Old Norse: skarpr
- Icelandic: skarpur
- Faroese: skarpur
- Norwegian Bokmål: skarp
- Norwegian Nynorsk: skarp
- Old Swedish: skarper
  - Swedish: skarp
- Danish: skarp
Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐍃 (*skarps)
- ⇒ Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌰 (*skarpa)
  - →? Italian: scarpa (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skarpa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 440-1

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skarpa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 440-1

[1]