Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skulaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈsku.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skulaną

  1. (transitive) to owe
  2. (auxiliary) to be obliged to, have to
  3. (auxiliary) shall, will, to be going to, must

Inflection

Conjugation of (preterite-present)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skal *skulį̄ — — —
2nd singular *skalt *skulīz — — —
3rd singular *skal *skulī — — —
1st dual *skulū *skulīw — — —
2nd dual *skuludiz *skulīdiz — — —
1st plural *skulum *skulīm — — —
2nd plural *skulud *skulīd — — —
3rd plural *skulun *skulīn — — —
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skuldǭ *skuldēdį̄
2nd singular *skuldēz *skuldēdīz
3rd singular *skuldē *skuldēdī
1st dual *skuldēdū *skuldēdīw
2nd dual *skuldēdudiz *skuldēdīdiz
1st plural *skuldēdum *skuldēdīm
2nd plural *skuldēdud *skuldēdīd
3rd plural *skuldēdun *skuldēdīn
present past
participles *skulandz *skuldaz

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skulan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450
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