Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuldijōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *skuldijaz (“obligated, guilty”) +‎ *-ōną. Compare also West Germanic *skuldijan.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈskul.di.jɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skuldijōną[1]

  1. to owe
  2. to commit a fault

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skuldijō *skuldijǭ — *skuldijōi ?
2nd singular *skuldijōsi *skuldijōs *skuldijō *skuldijōsai *skuldijōsau
3rd singular *skuldijōþi *skuldijō *skuldijōþau *skuldijōþai *skuldijōþau
1st dual *skuldijōs *skuldijōw — — —
2nd dual *skuldijōþiz *skuldijōþiz *skuldijōþiz — —
1st plural *skuldijōmaz *skuldijōm — *skuldijōnþai *skuldijōnþau
2nd plural *skuldijōþ *skuldijōþ *skuldijōþ *skuldijōnþai *skuldijōnþau
3rd plural *skuldijōnþi *skuldijōn *skuldijōnþau *skuldijōnþai *skuldijōnþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skuldijōdǭ *skuldijōdēdį̄
2nd singular *skuldijōdēz *skuldijōdēdīz
3rd singular *skuldijōdē *skuldijōdēdī
1st dual *skuldijōdēdū *skuldijōdēdīw
2nd dual *skuldijōdēdudiz *skuldijōdēdīdiz
1st plural *skuldijōdēdum *skuldijōdēdīm
2nd plural *skuldijōdēdud *skuldijōdēdīd
3rd plural *skuldijōdēdun *skuldijōdēdīn
present past
participles *skuldijōndz *skuldijōdaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *skuldijōn
    • Old English: sċyldian
  • Old Norse: skylda

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skulđjōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345
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