Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spadô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”), Hittite [script needed] (išpatar, “spear”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈspɑ.ðɔːː/

Noun

*spadô m

spade

Inflection

Declension of *spadô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*spadô	*spadaniz
vocative	*spadô	*spadaniz
accusative	*spadanų	*spadanunz
genitive	*spadiniz	*spadanǫ̂
dative	*spadini	*spadammaz
instrumental	*spadinē	*spadammiz

Related terms

*spadō
*spadǭ

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *spadō
- Old English: spada
  - Middle English: spade
    - Scots: spade, spaid
    - English: spade
      - → Scottish Gaelic: spaid
      - → Fiji Hindi: sipi
    - → Irish: spád, spáid
- Old Frisian: spada
  - North Frisian: spade
  - Saterland Frisian: Spoade
  - West Frisian: *spa, *spar (in stikelspa, stikelspar)
- Old Saxon: spado
  - Middle Low German: spāde
    - German Low German: Spaa, Spaden
- Old Dutch: *spado
  - Middle Dutch: spade
    - Dutch: spade, spa
- Old High German: *spato (possibly)
  - Middle High German: spade, spate (rare or northern word, possibly from Old Saxon)
    - German: Spaten
    - Luxembourgish: Spuet
Old Norse: spaði; járnspaði (possibly from Low German)
- Icelandic: spaði
- Faroese: spaði
  - ⇒ Faroese: spaki
- Norwegian: spade
- Old Swedish: spadhi
  - Swedish: spade
- Danish: spade

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*spađōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*spađōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[1]