Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stīfaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *stéypos, from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“to be stiff, erect”). Related to Latin stīpō (“to compress”), Lithuanian sti̇̀pti (“to stiffen”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈstiː.ɸɑz/

Adjective

*stīfaz

  1. stiff, rigid

Inflection

Declension of *stīfaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *stīfaz *stīfō *stīfą, -atō *stīfai *stīfôz *stīfō
accusative *stīfanǭ *stīfǭ *stīfą, -atō *stīfanz *stīfōz *stīfō
genitive *stīfas, -is *stīfaizōz *stīfas, -is *stīfaizǫ̂ *stīfaizǫ̂ *stīfaizǫ̂
dative *stīfammai *stīfaizōi *stīfammai *stīfaimaz *stīfaimaz *stīfaimaz
instrumental *stīfanō *stīfaizō *stīfanō *stīfaimiz *stīfaimiz *stīfaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *stīfô *stīfǭ *stīfô *stīfaniz *stīfōniz *stīfōnō
accusative *stīfanų *stīfōnų *stīfô *stīfanunz *stīfōnunz *stīfōnō
genitive *stīfiniz *stīfōniz *stīfiniz *stīfanǫ̂ *stīfōnǫ̂ *stīfanǫ̂
dative *stīfini *stīfōni *stīfini *stīfammaz *stīfōmaz *stīfammaz
instrumental *stīfinē *stīfōnē *stīfinē *stīfammiz *stīfōmiz *stīfammiz

Derived terms

  • *stīfijaną
  • *stiftaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *stīf
    • Old English: stīf
    • Old Frisian: stīf, stēf
    • Old Saxon: *stīf
    • Old Dutch: *stīf
    • Old High German: *stīf
  • →? Finnish: tiivis

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stīfaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
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