Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/waikwaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

An o-stem adjectival formation from *wīkwaną (“to yield, buckle, fold”) (quasi-Indo-European *h₃oyg-o-s), with sense development "giving way" > "weak, pliable".^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwɑi̯.kʷɑz/

Adjective

*waikwaz

weak, soft, pliable

Inflection

Declension of *waikwaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*waikwaz	*waikwō	*waikwą, -atō	*waikwai	*waikwôz	*waikwō
accusative	*waikwanǭ	*waikwǭ	*waikwą, -atō	*waikwanz	*waikwōz	*waikwō
genitive	*waikwas, -is	*waikwaizōz	*waikwas, -is	*waikwaizǫ̂	*waikwaizǫ̂	*waikwaizǫ̂
dative	*waikwammai	*waikwaizōi	*waikwammai	*waikwaimaz	*waikwaimaz	*waikwaimaz
instrumental	*waikwanō	*waikwaizō	*waikwanō	*waikwaimiz	*waikwaimiz	*waikwaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*waikwô	*waikwǭ	*waikwô	*waikwaniz	*waikwōniz	*waikwōnō
accusative	*waikwanų	*waikwōnų	*waikwô	*waikwanunz	*waikwōnunz	*waikwōnō
genitive	*waikwiniz	*waikwōniz	*waikwiniz	*waikwanǫ̂	*waikwōnǫ̂	*waikwanǫ̂
dative	*waikwini	*waikwōni	*waikwini	*waikwammaz	*waikwōmaz	*waikwammaz
instrumental	*waikwinē	*waikwōnē	*waikwinē	*waikwammiz	*waikwōmiz	*waikwammiz

Derived terms

*waikwijaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *waikw
- Old English: wāc
  - Middle English: wac, wake, woc, woke
    - Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with Norse borrowings)
- Old Frisian: wāk
  - Saterland Frisian: wook
  - West Frisian: weak
- Old Saxon: wēk
  - Middle Low German: wêk
    - Low German: week
- Old Dutch: wēk (in derivatives)
  - Middle Dutch: wêec
    - Dutch: week
- Old High German: weih
  - Middle High German: weich
    - German: weich
    - Hunsrik: weuch
    - Luxembourgish: weech
    - Yiddish: ווייך (veykh)
Old Norse: veykr, veikr
- Icelandic: veikur
- Faroese: veikur
- Norn: vek
- Norwegian Bokmål: veik
- Norwegian Nynorsk: veik
- Old Swedish: vēker
  - Swedish: vek
- Danish: veg
- Gutnish: vaik
- → Middle English: weik, waik
  - English: weak
  - Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with native forms)
→ Proto-Finnic: *vaikka (“quiet”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*waika-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*waika-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567

[1]