Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wīkwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃wéyg-we-ti, from *h₃weyg- (“to start moving; to distance oneself; to bend, wind”).^[1] Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙 (vaējaṇt, “swinging”, present participle), Ancient Greek εἴκω (eíkō, “to give way”), οἴγω (oígō, “to open”), Tocharian B viśäṃ (“should stay away”, subjunctive).^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwiː.kʷɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wīkwaną^[2]

to yield, cease, fold
to retreat

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wīkwō	*wīkwaų	—	*wīkwai	?
2nd singular	*wīkwizi	*wīkwaiz	*wīkw	*wīkwazai	*wīkwaizau
3rd singular	*wīkwidi	*wīkwai	*wīkwadau	*wīkwadai	*wīkwaidau
1st dual	*wīkwōz	*wīkwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wīkwadiz	*wīkwaidiz	*wīkwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wīkwamaz	*wīkwaim	—	*wīkwandai	*wīkwaindau
2nd plural	*wīkwid	*wīkwaid	*wīkwid	*wīkwandai	*wīkwaindau
3rd plural	*wīkwandi	*wīkwain	*wīkwandau	*wīkwandai	*wīkwaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*waikw	*wikwį̄
2nd singular	*waiht	*wikwīz
3rd singular	*waikw	*wikwī
1st dual	*wikwū	*wikwīw
2nd dual	*wikwudiz	*wikwīdiz
1st plural	*wikwum	*wikwīm
2nd plural	*wikwud	*wikwīd
3rd plural	*wikwun	*wikwīn

	present	past
participles	*wīkwandz	*wikwanaz

Alternative reconstructions

*wīkaną^[3]^[4]

Derived terms

*waikwaz (“weak”)
*waikwijaną (“to weaken”)
*wikwinōną
- Old Norse: vikna (“to give way”)
*wikwą
- Old Norse: *vik (“bend, angle”)
  - Icelandic: vik (“small favour”)
  - Faroese: vik (“little bend”)
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: vik (“small deviation”)
  - Swedish: veck (“fold”)
  - Danish: vig
  - → Middle English: wike, wyke
    - English: wike, wick (“corner”)
    - Scots: wick

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wīkwan (“to yield”)
- Old English: wīcan
  - Middle English: wiken
    - English: wick (“to strike aslant”)
    - Scots: wick
- Old Frisian: wīka
  - Saterland Frisian: wieke
  - West Frisian: wike, wyke
- Old Saxon: wīkan
  - Middle Low German: wîken
    - German Low German: wieken
- Old Dutch: *wīcan
  - Middle Dutch: wiken
    - Dutch: wijken
      - Afrikaans: wyk
    - Limburgish: wieke
- Old High German: wīhhan
  - Middle High German: wīchen
    - Cimbrian: baichan
    - German: weichen
Old Norse: ýkva, víkva, víkja (“to turn, move”)
- Icelandic: víkja (“to yield”)
- Faroese: víkja
- Norwegian Bokmål: vike
- Norwegian Nynorsk: vike
- Old Swedish: vīka
  - Swedish: vika, vik
- Danish: vige

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯g-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 667-68
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wīkwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 586
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “WEIK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, pages 545-46
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wīkanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ei̯g-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 667-68

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wīkwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 586

[3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “WEIK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, pages 545-46

[4] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wīkanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466

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