Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰí

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Likely palatalised from earlier *gʰi, an allomorph of *gʰe.^[1]

Particle

*ǵʰí^[1]^[2]

Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact
Discourse particle: indeed, of course, surely

Derived terms

*ne-ǵʰí (“not at all”, combined with *né) (compare *ne-g(ʰ)i)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: οὐχί (oukhí)^[3] (replacement with οὐ (ou))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naȷ́ʰí
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naźʰí
    - Sanskrit: नहि (nahí, “not at all, no indeed”) (see there for further descendants)
(possibly) *mé-ǵʰi (dat. of *éǵh₂ (“I”))^[1]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ինձ (inj)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máȷ́ʰya
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźʰya
    - Vedic Sanskrit: *मह्य (*máhya)^[4]
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: मह्यम् (máhyam)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌𐬌𐬁 (maⁱbiiā), 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌𐬌𐬋 (maⁱbiiō) (influenced by 𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌𐬌𐬁 (taⁱbiiā, dat.sg. of "you"))
    - Wakhi: maẓ̌
- Proto-Italic: *meɣei^[5]
  - Latin: mihī̆
  - Umbrian: mehe

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: ži̇̀ (“maybe”) (dialectal)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -χι (-khi) (as in ναίχι (naíkhi))
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰí (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “-ĝʰí 'fürwahr, gewiss'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 272-274
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “οὐ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1123
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 285
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 368

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “-ĝʰí 'fürwahr, gewiss'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 272-274

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “οὐ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1123

[4] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 285

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 368

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