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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction
The presence of the laryngeal is confirmed by the -h- in Sanskrit ahám. Instead of the unknown medial laryngeal *-H-, *-h₂- is often reconstructed here on the basis of Indo-Iranian assimilation, but there is no secure evidence that would prove such an assumption.
Three forms can be reconstructed formally for the nominative singular, using the comparative method:
- *éǵ (Hittite 𒌑𒊌 (ūk), Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, *eś, *ēˀźun, Old Lithuanian eš, Old Prussian es/as, Sudovian es, Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, Avestan azə)
- *eǵHóm (Sanskrit ahám, Avestan azə̄m, OCS azъ, Homeric Greek ἐγών (egṓn))
- *eǵóH (Latin egō, Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), Venetic 𐌄𐌙𐌏 (ego))
There seem to be no grounds for assuming an initial *h₁ in the nominative singular (although it is not impossible) or a final *-H in the form *éǵ. The form *éǵ is the most archaic one, with *eǵHóm and *eǵóH being younger, dialectal variants. The sandhi form of *éǵ - *éḱ, with a final devoiced plosive, is attested in Baltic (Old Prussian as, es), Armenian ես (es), and apparently in the Hittite variant
𒌑𒊌 (ú-uk).
For the oblique singular stem, a reconstruction of an initial *h₁ can be justified on the basis of Ancient Greek ἐμοί (emoí), Hittite 𒄠𒈬𒊌 (ammuk), and Armenian իմ (im).
Pronoun
*éǵh₂ (plural *wéy)
- I (first-person pronoun)
Declension
| Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*eǵoH
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*weh₁
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*we-i
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| accusative
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*m-mé (> *mé) ~ *me
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*n̥h₁-wé ~ *nō̆h₁
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*n̥smé ~ *nō̆s
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| genitive
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*mé-me ~ *mos (adj.)
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?
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*n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s
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| ablative
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**mm-ét (> *mét)
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?
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*n̥sm-ét
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| dative
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*mébʰi ~ *mey, *moy
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?
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*n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s
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| Notes
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- Oblique plural *n̥s- possibly continues earlier **m̥s- (same element of singular oblique stem with plural -s). This n was made common to the whole paradigm, with even enclitic *nos for *mos, but the verb endings *-me(dʰh₂), *-mos(dʰh₂) were not disturbed.[1]
- Dative *mégʰi for *mébʰi is attested in Italic and Indic, but not in Iranian, as 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬫𐬁 (maibyā). Also Sanskrit मह्यम् (máhyam) may be from original -bʰ-, as this sometimes becomes Indic -h- (even more here by dissimilation from initial m-).[2]
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| Donald Ringe's reconstruction [3]
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*éǵh₂
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*wé
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*wéy
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| accusative
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*m̥(m)é ~ *me
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*n̥h₃mé ~ *noh₃
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*n̥smé ~ *nos
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| genitive
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*méme ~ *moy
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?
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? ~ *nos
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| dative
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*méǵʰye ~ *moy
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?
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? ~ *nos
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| Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction[4]
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| Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*h₁eǵH
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*wey
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| accusative
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*h₁me(ge) ~ *mē (?)
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*n̥s ~ *nōs (?)
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| genitive
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*h₁mene ~ *moy
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?
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| dative
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*h₁meǵʰi ~ *moy
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?
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| oblique
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*h₁me-
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*n̥s- ~ *nos
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| Outer-Anatolian IE
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*h₁eǵH
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*wey
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| oblique
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*h₁men-/*h₁mn
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*n̥s-
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| enclitic
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*moy
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*nos
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| Proto-Indo-European
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*h₁eǵH
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?
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| accusative
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*h₁mn-
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?
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| oblique
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*h₁mn-
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?
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| Robert Beekes' reconstruction[5]
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*h₁eǵ(Ho, -Hom)
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*wey
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| accusative
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*h₁mé ~ *h₁me
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*n̥smé ~ *nōs
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| genitive
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*h₁méne ~ *h₁moy
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*n̥s(er)o- ~ *nos
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| ablative
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*h₁med
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*n̥smed
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| dative
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*h₁méǵʰyo ~ *h₁moy
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*n̥smey ~ *n̥s
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| locative
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*h₁móy
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*n̥smi
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| instrumental
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*h₁móy
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?
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| poss. adj.
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*h₁mós
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*n̥sós
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| Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction [6]
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*h₁eg-
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*weh₁-
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*we-
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| accusative
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*h₁me
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*n̥h₁we
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*n̥sme
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| genitive
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*h₁mene
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*noh₁
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*nos
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| ablative
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*h₁med
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?
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?
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| dative
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*h₁migʰi
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?
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?
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| locative
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*h₁moy
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*n̥h₁wi
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*n̥smi
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| Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[7]
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*h₁eǵ
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*wey(s)
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| accusative
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*h₁mé ~ h₁me
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*nōs
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| genitive-locative
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*h₁moy
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*nos/*nes
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| ablative
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*h₁méd
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?
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| dative
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*h₁mégʰyo
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?
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| poss. adj.
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*h₁mos
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*ns-tero-s?
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Derived terms
- *h₁mós or *émos[8]
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἐμός (emós)
- Proto-Armenian:
- *meyos (from dat. *mey?[9][8])
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *udz (< *uǵ) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian: *ʔúǵ, *wéyes (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ես (es), մեք (mekʻ) (< *mes)
- Armenian: ես (es), մենք (menkʻ)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ēˀź[10] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *mī (< *me) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *eka, *ek, *ik (< *eǵh₂óm[11][12]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *egṓ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aȷ́ʰám (< *eǵh₂óm) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *egō (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian: (?)
Coordinate terms
References
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 378
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 111
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation[2], Leiden University
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 367
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*mé- 'mich, mir'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 502-510
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “mē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 367-8
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2006) Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic personal pronouns with emphasis on accentuation[3] (PhD dissertation), Zadar, Croatia: University of Zadar, page 159
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ek(a)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*ég̑- 'ich'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 199-203