Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wéy

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Pronoun

*wéy

we (more than two)

Inflection

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction^[1]
nominative	*we-i
accusative	n̥smé ~ nō̆s
genitive	n̥sóm ~ nō̆s
ablative	*n̥sm-ét
dative	n̥sm-éy ~ nō̆s
Oblique plural n̥s- possibly continues earlier m̥s- (same element of singular oblique stem with plural -s). This n was made common to the whole paradigm, with even enclitic nos for mos, but the verb endings -me(dʰh₂), *-mos(dʰh₂) were not disturbed.^[2]

Donald Ringe's reconstruction^[3]
nominative	*wéy
accusative	n̥smé ~ nos
genitive	? ~ *nos
dative	? ~ *nos

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction^[4]
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
nominative	*wey
accusative	n̥s ~ nōs (?)
genitive	?
dative	?
oblique	n̥s- ~ nos
Outer-Anatolian IE
nominative	*wey
oblique	*n̥s-
enclitic	*nos
Proto-Indo-European
nominative	?
accusative	?
oblique	?

Robert Beekes' reconstruction^[5]
nominative	*wey
accusative	n̥smé ~ nōs
genitive	n̥s(er)o- ~ nos
ablative	*n̥smed
dative	n̥smey ~ n̥s
locative	*n̥smi
instrumental	?
poss. adj.	*n̥sós

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction^[6]
nominative	*we-
accusative	*n̥sme
genitive	*nos
ablative	?
dative	?
locative	*n̥smi

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction^[7]
nominative	*wey(s)
accusative	*nōs
genitive-locative	nos/nes
ablative	?
dative	?
poss. adj.	*ns-tero-s?

Derived terms

*nóHs^[8] or *nōs^[5] (accusative)
- Proto-Albanian: *nōs
  - Albanian: ne (nom./acc.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naHs
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Old Avestan: 𐬥𐬃 (nā̊, enclitic)
- Proto-Italic: *nōs (see there for further descendants)
*nos^[8] (oblique, enclitic)
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: na (enclitic dat./acc.)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠-naš⁠/)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *ny (< *nons / *nōns, influenced by thematic acc.pl.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: नस् (nas)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬥𐬇 (nə̄)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬋 (nō)
- ⇒ *nos-tero-s (or later formation)
  - Proto-Italic: *nosteros
    - Latin: noster
*n̥smé^[8] (accusative, possibly from *n̥s + *mé indicating "us with (the others)") (see there for further descendants)
*nó-h₁ (acc./dat./gen. dual)^[8] or *neh₃^[9]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: nuodu (dialectal; + dù (“two”))
  - Proto-Slavic: *na
    - East Slavic:
      - Old East Slavic: на (na)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic: на (na)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: νώ (nṓ, nom./acc.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naH (enclitic)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: नौ (nau)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Old Avestan: 𐬥𐬁 (nā)
- ⇒ *noh₁-tero-s (or later formation)
  - Proto-Celtic:
    - Old Irish: náthar (gen.)
*wé-h₁ (nom. dual)^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *vě (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáH
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬁 (vā, “we two”) (can theoretically come from *wé)
  - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHám (+ *-ám)
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      - Vedic Sanskrit: वाम् (vā́m, “we two”)
*wé dwo (“we two”)^[10]^[11]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: vèdu
- Proto-Germanic: *wet, *wit (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *uns (< *n̥swé ?^[8]) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian: *wéyes (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *wīz (< *wéy-s) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayám (< *wey-óm) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *wes
- Tocharian A: was
- Tocharian B: wes

References

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 373
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation‎^[2], Leiden University
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nōs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 413
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “2.*nó- 'uns'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 566-574
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νώ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1029
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*u̯é- 'wir'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 848-850
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 117