Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwóh₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Numeral

**Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : dwóh₁ Ordinal* : h₂énteros Adverbial* : dwís Fractional* : sēmi Prefix* : *dwi-

*dwóh₁^[1]

two

Alternative forms

*dwó, *duwó^[1]^[2] (uninflected form)
*dwṓw^[2]

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*dwóh₁	*dwéh₂h₁(e)
genitive	*?	*?
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwóh₁	—
vocative	—	*dwóh₁	—
accusative	—	*dwóh₁	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
vocative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
accusative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
vocative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
accusative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—

Derived terms

*dwi- (compounds)
- >? *(h₁)wi-^[3] (see there for further descendants)
*dwi-gʰo-^[2]
- Proto-Albanian: *duaigā (< *dwoy-gʰ-eh₂)
  - Albanian: degë (“(forked) branch”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dweigas
  - Proto-Slavic: *dvigъ (“branch”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dvigati (“to lift”)
- Proto-Germanic: *twīgą (“(forked) branch; twig”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δίχα (díkha), διχθά (dikhthá), διχο- (dikho-), διξός (dixós), δισσός (dissós)
*dwí-ko-s
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *twihô
  - Proto-West Germanic: *twihō (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: द्विक (dvika)
*dwi-no-s^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *twinaz (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *dwis-no-s
  - Proto-Germanic: *twiznaz (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *dwiznos
    - Latin: bīnus (see there for further descendants)
*dwi-pl-o-s (“double”)
- Proto-Germanic: *twīflaz (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: διπλόος (diplóos), δῐπλᾱ́ς (dĭplā́s)
    Attic Greek: δῐπλοῦς (dĭploûs)
    
    Ionic Greek: δῐπλέος (dĭpléos)
    - Greek: διπλός (diplós), δίπλα (dípla)
- Proto-Italic: *dwiplos
  - Latin: duplus (see there for further descendants)
*dwi-pl-o-m
- >? Milyan: 𐊗𐊂𐊆𐊓𐊍𐊚 (tbiplẽ)
*dwí-s (adverb)
*dwi-sk-
- Proto-Germanic: *twisk(j)a- (“twofold”)
  - Old Saxon: twisk
  - Old High German: zuiski, zwisk
    - Middle High German: zwisc(h)
      - ⇒ German: zwischen
*(d)wi-tyo-^[3] (with dissimilation *d…t > *(h₁)…t)
- Proto-Italic: *witjom
  - Latin: vitium (see there for further descendants)
*dwoy-
- ⇒ Hittite: 𒋫𒄿𒊌𒀀 (tāiuga, “two-year-old”)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: *երկե- (*erke-)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: երկերիւր (erkeriwr)
- *dwoy-os
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwajas
    - Proto-Slavic: *dъvojь
    - Lithuanian: dveji
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: δοιός (doiós)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwayás
    - Sanskrit: द्वय (dvayá)
- *dwoy-om
  - Hittite: 𒋫𒀀𒀭 (ta-a-an /⁠tān⁠/)^[5]
  - >? Luwian: 𔑢𔗬𔐤𔔂 (tu-wa-na)
- *dwoy-o-mṓi-
  - Hittite: 𒁕𒈠𒄿 (dam(m)ai-), 𒋫𒈠𒄿 (tāmai-, “second, other”)
*dwey- (“to fear”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *twīhnaz

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *duwō (see there for further descendants)
Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒋫 (ta-)
- Luwian: 𔑢𔗬 (tuwa), 𔓯𔖩 (i-zi-)
- Milyan: 𐊗𐊂𐊆 (tbi)
- Lycian: 𐊋𐊂𐊆 (kbi)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: երկու (erku), երկ (erk) — attested once
  - Armenian: երկու (erku), երկուս (erkus), երկուք (erkukʻ)
- Old Armenian: կրկին (krkin) (exact path of derivation disputed)
  - Armenian: կրկին (krkin)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *duwōˀ, *duōˀ (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *duwo (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *twai (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *dúwo (< *duwó^[6]) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáH (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *duō (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: wu, we
- Tocharian B: wi

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 53
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*du̯ó-, *du̯í- 'zwei (einzelne)'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 168-174
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vitium”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 684
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 72
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “tān”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 826-827
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δύο”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 359