Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dvigati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Vasmer marks the word as unclear, though mentions the possibility of relation to Proto-West Germanic *twikkijan (“to fasten, pinch”).^[1] According to one theory, from *d(ъ)vigъ (“branching, buttress serving as lever”), from *d(ъ)va (“two”) +‎ *-igъ; levers used to raise objects often have bifurcating structures. Compare German Zweig (“branch < branching”), from Zwei (“two”).^[2]

The loss of -v- in South Slavic is secondary. For a similar phenomenon, compare Serbo-Croatian storiti (“to do, to commit”), Bulgarian сторя (storja, “to do”) < *sъtvoriti.

Verb

*dvigati impf (perfective *dvignǫti)^[3]

to raise, lift, move up

Conjugation

Conjugation of *dvigati, *dviga, *dvižetь (impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*dviganьje	*dvigati	*dvigatъ	*dvigalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*dviganъ	*dvižemъ
Active	*dvigavъ	*dvižę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dvigaxъ	*dviga	*dviga	*dvižǫ	*dvižeši	*dvižetь
Dual	*dvigaxově	*dvigasta	*dvigaste	*dviževě	*dvižeta	*dvižete
Plural	*dvigaxomъ	*dvigaste	*dvigašę	*dvižemъ	*dvižete	*dvižǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dvigaaxъ	*dvigaaše	*dvigaaše	—	*dviži	*dviži
Dual	*dvigaaxově	*dvigaašeta	*dvigaašete	*dviživě	*dvižita	—
Plural	*dvigaaxomъ	*dvigaašete	*dvigaaxǫ	*dvižimъ	*dvižite	—

Conjugation of *dvigati, *dviga, *dvigajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*dviganьje	*dvigati	*dvigatъ	*dvigalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*dviganъ	*dvigajemъ
Active	*dvigavъ	*dvigaję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dvigaxъ	*dviga	*dviga	*dvigajǫ	*dvigaješi	*dvigajetь
Dual	*dvigaxově	*dvigasta	*dvigaste	*dvigajevě	*dvigajeta	*dvigajete
Plural	*dvigaxomъ	*dvigaste	*dvigašę	*dvigajemъ	*dvigajete	*dvigajǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dvigaaxъ	*dvigaaše	*dvigaaše	—	*dvigaji	*dvigaji
Dual	*dvigaaxově	*dvigaašeta	*dvigaašete	*dvigajivě	*dvigajita	—
Plural	*dvigaaxomъ	*dvigaašete	*dvigaaxǫ	*dvigajimъ	*dvigajite	—

Alternative forms

*dviťi

Derived terms

*dvignǫti

Descendants

*dvigati:

East Slavic:
- Russian: дви́гать (dvígatʹ)
- Ukrainian: дви́гати (dvýhaty)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: двиѕати (dvidzati)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⰴⰲⰹⰷⰰⱅⰻ (dvidzati)
- Bulgarian: дигам (digam), дви́жа (dvíža)
- Macedonian: дига (diga), движи (dviži)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ди̏зати
  
  Latin script: dȉzati
- Slovene: dvígati
West Slavic:
- Czech: dvíhat
- Kashubian: dwigac
- Polish: dźwigać
- Slovak: dvíhať
- Slovincian: dwjigac
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: zwigaś

*dviťi:

Church Slavonic: *двищи (*dvišti), двигомꙑ (dvigomy) (Russian) (1389)

References

^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “двигать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dvig(a)ti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 168
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “dvigati: dvižǫ dvižetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 133)”

[1] Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “двигать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

[2] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dvig(a)ti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 168

[3] Olander, Thomas (2001) “dvigati: dvižǫ dvižetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 133)”

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