Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wí

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Likely from *dwi-.^[1]

Adverb

*wí^[1]

apart, asunder
away from, against

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁wi-^[2] (laryngeal deduced from long scansion of augment in अविधत् (ávidhat), see *h₁weydʰh₁-)

Derived terms

*wí-noh₁ (innovative instrumental form) ^?
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wínaH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wínaH
    - Sanskrit: विना (vínā, “without, except”) (see there for further descendants)
*wí-tero-s (“further apart”, with *-teros)
- ⇒? Latin: vitricus
- ⇒ *wíterom (adverbial accusative)
  - Proto-Germanic: (*wiþerą >) *wiþrą (“toward, against; compared to, among”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *witarám (“again, further”, adverb)
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *vitarám
      - Sanskrit: वितरम् (vitarám)
    - Proto-Iranian:
      - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (vītar^əm)
- ⇒? *wít-oro-s
  - >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wítaras
    - >? Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ (“second”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wiþeraz^?
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wítaras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wítaras
    - Sanskrit: वितर (vitara, “far away”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wítarah
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (vītara, “both sides; far away; lateral”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wí
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wí
  - Sanskrit: वि (ví, “apart, asunder, through”)
  - Sanskrit: वि- (ví-, prefix to express division, distinction)
- Proto-Iranian: *wí
  - Avestan: 𐬬𐬍 (vī, “separate, apart, asunder, through”)
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (bi-), [script needed] (gva-)
  - Bactrian: οι- (oi- /⁠wi-⁠/)
  - Khwarezmian: وـ (w- /⁠*wi-⁠/)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠wi-⁠/)
    Sogdian script: 𐼴- (w-), 𐼴𐼷- (wy-)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫇- (w-), 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)
    
    Syriac script: ܘ- (w-), ܘܝ- (wy-)
  - Parthian: (/⁠wi-⁠/, “apart”)
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭅𐭉- (wy-), 𐭅- (w-)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)
  - Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡- (vi-i- /⁠vi-⁠/)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠wi-⁠/, “apart”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)
      
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭩- (wy-), 𐭥- (w-)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wy-), [Book Pahlavi needed] (w-)
      
      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮅𐮈- (wy-), 𐮅- (w-)
      
      Pazend script: 𐬬𐬀- (va-)
      - Classical Persian: گـ (g- /⁠gu-⁠/), وـ (wi-), بـ (bi-)
        Iranian Persian: گـ (g- /⁠go-⁠/, “revived prefix as "dis-"”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 850-854
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “ví”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 587

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 850-854

[2] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “ví”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 587

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