Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)h₁es-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Reanalyzed root from *sh₁es ~ *sh₁s-o-s (“sowing”), from *seh₁- (“to sow”).[4][3][5][6]

Root

*(s)h₁es-

  1. harvest, crop, fruit

Derived terms

  • *(s)h₁es-ó-s[4][7][8]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasás (“corn, grass, herb”)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasás
        • Sanskrit: सस (sasá)
          • Magadhi Prakrit:
            • Assamese: সাহ (xah, “crops”)
            • Odia: ସସ (sasa, “kernel”)
      [8][7][9][4]
  • *(s)h₁és-ō ~ *(s)h₁s-nés[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asenis[1], *esenis f (“autumn”)[10][1] (alternation perhaps due to "Rozwadowski's rule")
      • Old Prussian: assanis
      • Sudovian: asenis
      • Proto-Slavic: *esenь (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *azaniz f (“harvest-time; summer”)[11][12] (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)h₁os-néh₂[13]
    • Proto-Germanic: *asnō (“harvest, earning, wage”)[12][11](see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *osnā (perhaps)
      • Proto-Italic: *atnosnā (+ *atnos (“year”) (whence annus))
        • Latin: annōna (“produce, supply, food, corn”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)h₁és-n-u-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sásnuš
      • Proto-Iranian: *háhnuš
        • Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱 (haŋhuš, “harvest, fruit; benefit, profit”)
  • *(s)h₁ós-r̥ ~ *(s)h₁és-n̥s[1][2]
    • Proto-Armenian: *(h)o(h)ár-a-[14]
      • Old Armenian: ար-ա-ց (ar-a-cʻ) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *asunz (“day-laborer”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *(h)ohər[15]
      • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *opohərā[2] (contracted from *opi(h)ohərā, + *opi- (related to Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-), from *h₁epi (“on, at”))[15]
        • Ancient Greek: ὀπώρα (opṓra, “end of the summer, start of autumn; harvest, fruit”), ὀπώρη (opṓrē) — Ionic, ὀπάρα (opára), ὁπώρα (hopṓra)
  • *(s)h₁s-yó-s[6][16]
    • Proto-Celtic: *sasyos (“barley”)[6][3] (see there for further descendants)
Extended forms
  • *(s)h₁es-dʰh₁-[4][3][5]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠šešd-⁠/, “to grow”)
Unsorted forms
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒀭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-an-na-aš), 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-na-aš, “fruit (tree), harvest, crop”)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: աշուն (ašun, “autumn”)[17] (see there for further descendants)
  • →? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *kesä (“summer”)[18]
    • Proto-Finnic: *kesä (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Samic: *keasē (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Mordvinic: *kizə (see there for further descendants)
  • Sanskrit: सस्य (sasya)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*h₁es-en-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 300
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*sesT-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 537
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lubotsky, A.M. (1989) “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎[1], Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Eichner, Heiner (1982) “Zur hethitischen Etymologie (1. ištark- und ištarnink-; 2. ark-; 3. šešd-)”, in E. Neu, editor, Investigationes philologicae et comparativae: Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kronasser, Wiesbaden
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*sasyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 323
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “sasá”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “sasá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 717
  9. ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*haha-, *hahi̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 320-321
  10. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “assanis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*azani-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*az(a)niz ~ *asaniz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 31
  13. ^ Kroonen, Guus Jann (2009) Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems (PhD thesis)‎[5], Leiden: Leiden University
  14. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2013) “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎[6], number 10, page 110
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page οπώρα of 1094-1095
  16. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “sasi̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 880
  17. ^ Horák, Robin (2015) Sémantická motivace názvů ročních období v indoevropských jazycích [Semantic motivation of names seasons in Indo-European languages]‎[7]
  18. ^ Koivulehto, Jorma (1991) Uralische Evidenz für die Laryngaltheorie (Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; 556) (in German), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, →ISBN
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