Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁epi

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*épi^[1]

Etymology

Would be locative case of *h₁eps (from *h₁ep-),^[2] which could mean "back", with the "on" sense referring to pack animals or riding.(Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Adverb

*h₁epi^[3]

on, at, near

Alternative forms

*h₁opi

Derived terms

*h₁epi-ro-
- Proto-Celtic: *eɸirom
  - Old Irish: íar

Related terms

^? *h₁op-s
- Proto-Italic: *obs
  - Latin: obs-
*h₁opi
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ու (u)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *api
  - Lithuanian: ap-
- Proto-Hellenic: *opí, *opi-^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: ὀπι- (opi-) (in e.g. ὀπίσω (opísō))
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀠 (o-pi)
- >? Proto-Italic: *opi
  - Latin: ob, ap(ud)
  - Oscan: 𐌞𐌐 (úp), op^[5]
*h₁opi-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὄπισθεν (ópisthen), ὀπίσω (opísō), ἀνόπιν (anópin), κατόπιν (katópin), μετόπιν (metópin)
*h₁op(i)-tero-
- >? Proto-Germanic: *after (more likely < *h₂ep(o)-tero-) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? *(h₁)p-ó-s
⇒? *h₁pey
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pei
  - Proto-Baltic: *pie- (?)
    - Latvian: piedurkne

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *ēbanþs (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian:
- Albanian: mbi (Tosk)
- Albanian: mby, Albanian: my (Gheg)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: եւ (ew)
  - Armenian: եւ (ew)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: ep-, eb- (as in ebimmai)
Proto-Celtic: *eɸi-
- ⇒ Old Irish: ía-daid (“to close”)
Proto-Germanic: *bi (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *epí
- Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí)
  - Greek: επί (epí)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi)^[6]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápi (see there for further descendants)
Messapic: epi-, ipi-, eipei-

References

^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 244-253
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “ápi”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 86
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ob”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 421
^ John Chadwick, Lydia Baumbach (1963) “The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary”, in Glotta : Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache, volume 41, number 3/4, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 227-8 of 157–271: “ὀπι-”
^ Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 208
^ John Chadwick, Lydia Baumbach (1963) “The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary”, in Glotta : Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache, volume 41, number 3/4, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 192 of 157–271: “ἐπί”

[LIPP-1] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 244-253

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “ápi”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 86

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ob”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 421

[4] John Chadwick, Lydia Baumbach (1963) “The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary”, in Glotta : Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache, volume 41, number 3/4, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 227-8 of 157–271: “ὀπι-”

[5] Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 208

[6] John Chadwick, Lydia Baumbach (1963) “The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary”, in Glotta : Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache, volume 41, number 3/4, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 192 of 157–271: “ἐπί”

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