Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷeh₂- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Root

*gʷem- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to step^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷem- (46 c, 0 e)

*gʷém-t ~ *gʷm-ént (athematic root aorist)
*gʷe-gʷóm-e ~ *gʷe-gʷm-ḗr (stative)
*gʷm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
*gʷm̥-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷəňňō (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətʰmós (+ action noun suffix *-tʰmós)
    - Ancient Greek: βαθμός (bathmós, “step”)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷənjō (< earlier *gʷəmjō) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷom-éye-ti (éye-causative)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gāmáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gāmáyati
    - Vedic Sanskrit: गामय (gāmaya, 2sg.impv.)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: गमयति (gamáyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰāmáyati (see there for further descendants)
*gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s
*gʷém-tu-s ~ *gʷm̥-téw-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gántuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gántuṣ
    - Sanskrit: गन्तु (gántu, “walk, road”)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷentus
  - Latin: ventus
*gʷm̥-tó-s
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *gat
  - Albanian: gati
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եկ (ek)
    - Armenian: եկ (ek)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: gemton (“to give birth (to)”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gỹmis (“birth; nature; face”)^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: giminė̃ (“family, kin; genus; gender; (dial.) relative”)^[5]
    - → Latvian: ģimene
  - Sudovian: gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ga-t-s (verbal root noun)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: गत् (gat) (as in अध्वगत् (adhvagát))

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: गम् (gam)
Proto-Tocharian: *kʷäm-
- Tocharian A: kum-
- Tocharian B: käm-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯em-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 209-210
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 464-5
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “gymis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 176–177
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “giminė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 176

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯em-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 209-210

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 464-5

[Ringe_2006-3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015) “gymis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 176–177

[5] Derksen, Rick (2015) “giminė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 176

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