Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éḱru

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Probably from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).

    Noun

    *h₂éḱru n[1][2]

    1. tear (in the eyes)
      Synonym: *dáḱru

    Inflection

    Athematic, proterokinetic
    singular
    nominative *h₂éḱru
    genitive *h₂ḱréws
    singular dual plural
    nominative *h₂éḱru *h₂éḱr̥wih₁ *h₂éḱruh₂
    vocative *h₂éḱru *h₂éḱr̥wih₁ *h₂éḱruh₂
    accusative *h₂éḱru *h₂éḱr̥wih₁ *h₂éḱruh₂
    genitive *h₂ḱréws *? *h₂ḱréwoHom
    ablative *h₂ḱréws *? *h₂ḱrúmos, *h₂ḱrúbʰos
    dative *h₂ḱréwey *? *h₂ḱrúmos, *h₂ḱrúbʰos
    locative *h₂ḱréw, *h₂ḱréwi *? *h₂ḱrúsu
    instrumental *h₂ḱrúh₁ *? *h₂ḱrúmis, *h₂ḱrúbʰis

    Reconstruction notes

    There is some trace evidence to suggest an original heteroclitic *wr̥-stem, the suffix of which then metathesized to *-ru (as if it were a *u-stem of *h₂eḱr-), paralleling *smóḱwr̥ > pre-Sanskrit *smóḱru. However, contradicting this is the Hittite descendant, which would have to have undergone the same remodeling for unknown reasons.[3]

    Derived terms

    • *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru (“tear”, literally “eye-sharp”) (+ *dérḱs (“eye”)),[4] which may point to an early meaning of *“bitter” for *h₂éḱru.

    Descendants

    • ⇒ Proto-Anatolian: (with a prefix such as sporadic *s-,[3] or a compound *sekʷ-h₂(e)ḱru[4]?)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćru (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *ākru

    References

    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “išḫaḫru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 391
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kortlandt, Frederik (1985) “Arm. artawsr ‘tear’”, in Annual of Armenian Linguistics, volume 6, Cleveland: Cleveland State University, page 60 of 59–61
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