Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂mélǵti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”).

Verb

*h₂mélǵti (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to be milking

Inflection

Even though the daughter languages attest only thematic conjugations, the fact that they alternate between full grade and zero grade of the root indicates the existence of an original paradigm that alternated between the two root grades, namely an athematic paradigm.^[2]^[3]

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*h₂mélǵti
3rd plural	*h₂ml̥ǵénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂mélǵmi	*h₂mélǵm̥	—	*h₂mélǵoh₂	*h₂ml̥ǵyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₂mélǵsi	*h₂mélǵs	h₂mélǵ, h₂ml̥ǵdʰí	*h₂mélǵesi	*h₂ml̥ǵyéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₂mélǵti	*h₂mélǵt	*h₂mélǵtu	*h₂mélǵeti	*h₂ml̥ǵyéh₁t
1st dual	*h₂ml̥ǵwós	*h₂ml̥ǵwé	—	*h₂mélǵowos	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁wé
2nd dual	*h₂ml̥ǵtés	*h₂ml̥ǵtóm	*h₂ml̥ǵtóm	*h₂mélǵetes	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁tóm
3rd dual	*h₂ml̥ǵtés	*h₂ml̥ǵtā́m	*h₂ml̥ǵtā́m	*h₂mélǵetes	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₂ml̥ǵmós	*h₂ml̥ǵmé	—	*h₂mélǵomos	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₂ml̥ǵté	*h₂ml̥ǵté	*h₂ml̥ǵté	*h₂mélǵete	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁té
3rd plural	*h₂ml̥ǵénti	*h₂ml̥ǵént	*h₂ml̥ǵéntu	*h₂mélǵonti	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁ént

Participle	*h₂ml̥ǵónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₂ml̥ǵh₂ér	*h₂ml̥ǵh₂é	—	*h₂mélǵoh₂er	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*h₂ml̥ǵth₂ér	*h₂ml̥ǵth₂é	*h₂ml̥ǵsó	*h₂mélǵeth₂er	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁th₂é
3rd singular	h₂ml̥ǵtór, h₂ml̥ǵór	h₂ml̥ǵtó, h₂ml̥ǵó	*?	*h₂mélǵetor	h₂ml̥ǵih₁tó, h₂ml̥ǵih₁ó
1st dual	*h₂ml̥ǵwósdʰh₂	*h₂ml̥ǵwédʰh₂	—	*h₂mélǵowosdʰh₂	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*h₂ml̥ǵmósdʰh₂	*h₂ml̥ǵmédʰh₂	—	*h₂mélǵomosdʰh₂	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*h₂ml̥ǵdʰh₂wé	*h₂ml̥ǵdʰh₂wé	*h₂ml̥ǵdʰh₂wé	*h₂mélǵedʰh₂we	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	h₂ml̥ǵn̥tór, h₂ml̥ǵrór	h₂ml̥ǵn̥tó, h₂ml̥ǵró	*?	*h₂mélǵontor	*h₂ml̥ǵih₁ró

Participle	*h₂ml̥ǵm̥h₁nós

Descendants

Proto-Albanian:
- Albanian: mjel (“to milk”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melźtei
- Lithuanian: melžti (“to milk”)
- Proto-Slavic: *melzti (“to milk”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *mligeti
- Old Irish: mligid
  - Middle Irish: bligid
Proto-Germanic: *melkaną (“to milk”)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἀμέλγω (amélgō, “I milk”)
  - Greek: αρμέγω (armégo)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 279
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 274–*mlig-o-
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀμέλγω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86
^ Sims-Williams, Patrick (2017) “Celtic”, in Mate Kapović, editor, The Indo-European Languages, 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, page 372

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 279

[EDPC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 274–*mlig-o-

[Beekes-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀμέλγω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86

[4] Sims-Williams, Patrick (2017) “Celtic”, in Mate Kapović, editor, The Indo-European Languages, 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, page 372

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