Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćasás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction

Sanskrit शश (śaśa) is from an earlier *शस (*śasa), with the first sibilant influencing the second.^[1] The distant assimilation of Proto-Indo-Aryan *s to *ś in the neighborhood of another *ś in Sanskrit observed in Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćasás > Proto-Indo-Aryan *śasás > Sanskrit शश (śaśá) is also found in *swáćuras > Proto-Indo-Aryan *swáśuras > Sanskrit श्वशुर (śváśura).^[2] The second consonant of the Iranian descendants is /h/, pointing to PII *ćasás.

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱesós (“grey; hare”). Compare Latin cānus, Old English hara (English hare), Old Prussian sasnis (“hare”).

Noun

*ćasás m

hare

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ćasás	*ćasā́(w)	*ćasā́s(as)
vocative	*ćása	*ćásā(w)	*ćásās(as)
accusative	*ćasám	*ćasā́(w)	*ćasā́ns
instrumental	*ćasáH	*ćasáybʰyā(m)	*ćasā́yš
ablative	*ćasā́t	*ćasáybʰyā(m)	*ćasáybʰyas
dative	*ćasā́y	*ćasáybʰyā(m)	*ćasáybʰyas
genitive	*ćasásya	*ćasáyās	*ćasā́naHam
locative	*ćasáy	*ćasáyaw	*ćasáyšu

Derived terms

*ćasakas (diminutive)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śasakas
  - Sanskrit: शशक (śaśaka)
    - → Hindustani: (learned)
      - Hindi: शशक (śaśak)
      - Urdu: ششک
    - Middle Indo-Aryan:
      - Pali: sasaka
      - Sauraseni Prakrit:
        Hindi: ससक (sasak) (uncommon)
        Romani: śośoj
- Proto-Iranian: *cahakah
  - Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬵𐬏𐬖 (sahūγ)
  - Old Persian: *θahakaʰ
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (shwk' /⁠sahōg⁠/)
  - Parachi: sahȫk
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (s'k)
  - Yidgha: sīɣ

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śasás
- Sanskrit: शश (śaśá)
  - Pali: sasa
  - Prakrit:
    - Magadhi Prakrit:
      - Assamese: শহা (xoha)
      - Bengali: শশা (śośa)
    - Helu Prakrit:
      - Sinhalese: සාවා (sāwā), සහාවා (sahāwā), ශශයා (śaśayā), සැසයා (sæsayā), හාවෝ (hāwō)?
    - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀲 (sasa)
      - Old Marathi: ससा (sasā)
        Marathi: ससा (sasā)
      - Konkani: सोंसो (souso)
    - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀲 (sasa)
      - Gujarati: સસલું (saslũ)
      - Hindi: सस (sas)
      - Punjabi: ਸਹਾ (sahā), ਸਹਿਆ (sahiā)
      - Romani: śośoj
  - → Tamil: சசம் (cacam)
Proto-Iranian: *caháh
- Pashto: سوی (soy)
- Khotanese: 𑀲𑀳 (saha)
- Wakhi: sыy
- Ishkashimi: [script needed] (si)
- Sanglechi: sui

References

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “śaśá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

^ Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćasás”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1060.
^ Hock, Hans Henrich (1991) Principles of historical linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, page 130

[1] Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćasás”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1060.

[2] Hock, Hans Henrich (1991) Principles of historical linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, page 130

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