Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/gʰr̥dʰás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥dʰ-ó-s, from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”).^[1]

Noun

*gʰr̥dʰás m

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʰr̥dʰás	*gʰr̥dʰā́(w)	*gʰr̥dʰā́s(as)
vocative	*gʰŕ̥dʰa	*gʰŕ̥dʰā(w)	*gʰŕ̥dʰās(as)
accusative	*gʰr̥dʰám	*gʰr̥dʰā́(w)	*gʰr̥dʰā́ns
instrumental	*gʰr̥dʰáH	*gʰr̥dʰáybʰyā(m)	*gʰr̥dʰā́yš
ablative	*gʰr̥dʰā́t	*gʰr̥dʰáybʰyā(m)	*gʰr̥dʰáybʰyas
dative	*gʰr̥dʰā́y	*gʰr̥dʰáybʰyā(m)	*gʰr̥dʰáybʰyas
genitive	*gʰr̥dʰásya	*gʰr̥dʰáyās	*gʰr̥dʰā́naHam
locative	*gʰr̥dʰáy	*gʰr̥dʰáyaw	*gʰr̥dʰáyšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰás
- Sanskrit: गृह (gṛhá, “house”)
  - Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀕𑀭𑁆𑀳 (*garha) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Sanskrit: गेह (geha)
- Sanskrit: *गृध (*gṛdha, “fort”)^[2]
  - Prakrit: 𑀕𑀠 (gaḍha) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *gr̥dáh^[3]
- Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gər^əδa, “daeva cave”)
- Old Persian: *gr̥dah (“household slaves”)^[1]
  - Middle Persian: (“the gang, the villeins labouring on the estates of the kings, the satraps, the magnates, etc.; in war their military crew”)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gʾl /⁠gāl⁠/)
  - → Akkadian: 𒃼𒁺 (qardu; gardu) (disputed, more likely from 𒃼𒁺 (/⁠gardu⁠/, “soldier, military personnel, trooper”))
    - → Aramaic: גרדא (grdʾ)
  - → Elamite: 𒆳𒌨 (kurtaš)
- Persian: کرت (kart, “plot, field, patch”)
- → Old Armenian: գերդաստան (gerdastan, “body of servants and captives”) (or inherited from Indo-European)
- → Proto-Permic: *gɔrt (“home”) (from an uncertain early Iranian language) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “gerdastan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 209
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “gaḍha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 213
^ Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “gāl”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 80ab

[Martirosyan-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “gerdastan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 209

[2] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “gaḍha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 213

[3] Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “gāl”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 80ab

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