Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/krátuš

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kré-tus, from *kret- +‎ *-us. Cognate with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong, mighty”).

Noun

*krátuš m^[1]^[2]

intelligence, mental power

Declension

masculine u-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*krátuš	*krátuH	*krátawas
vocative	*krátaw	*krátuH	*krátawas
accusative	*krátum	*krátuH	*krátunš
instrumental	*krátuH	*krátubʰyā(m)	*krátubʰiš
ablative	*krátwas	*krátubʰyā(m)	*krátubʰyas
dative	*krátaway	*krátubʰyā(m)	*krátubʰyas
genitive	*krátwas	*krátuwās	*krátuHnaHam
locative	*krátāw	*krátuwaw	*krátušu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krátuṣ
- Sanskrit: क्रतु (krátu)
Proto-Iranian: *xrátuš
- Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (xratu)
- Old Median: *xratu
  - → Old Persian: 𐎧𐎼𐎬 (x-r-tu /⁠xratu⁠/)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠xrad⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫡𐫅 (xrd)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: 𐮴𐮹𐯁𐮵 (𐮴𐮹𐯁𐮵)
      - Classical Persian: خرد (xirad)
        Persian: خرد (xerad)
        
        Tajik: хирад (xirad)
      - → Old Armenian: խրատ (xrat)
- Northern Kurdish: xurt (“strong”), xîret (“wisdom; diligence”)
- Central Kurdish: خیرەد (xîred, “wisdom”)
- Parthian: [Term?] (/⁠xard⁠/, “strong, hard”)

- Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠xraθu⁠/)

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “krátu-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Ahmadi, Amir (2014) “Avestan xratu-”, in Iranian Studies, volume 47, number 6, →DOI, pages 903–913

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “krátu-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[2] Ahmadi, Amir (2014) “Avestan xratu-”, in Iranian Studies, volume 47, number 6, →DOI, pages 903–913

[1]

[2]