Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/náyȷ́žʰam

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *néyǵʰ-s,^[1] likely of non-Indo-European origin. Perhaps related to Proto-Uralic *nikka (“to stick in, push”).

Noun

*náyȷ́žʰam n

sharp tip, spear

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*náyȷ́žʰam	*náyȷ́žʰay	*náyȷ́žʰaH
vocative	*náyȷ́žʰam	*náyȷ́žʰay	*náyȷ́žʰaH
accusative	*náyȷ́žʰam	*náyȷ́žʰay	*náyȷ́žʰaH
instrumental	*náyȷ́žʰaH	*náyȷ́žʰaybʰyā(m)	*náyȷ́žʰāyš
ablative	*náyȷ́žʰāt	*náyȷ́žʰaybʰyā(m)	*náyȷ́žʰaybʰyas
dative	*náyȷ́žʰāy	*náyȷ́žʰaybʰyā(m)	*náyȷ́žʰaybʰyas
genitive	*náyȷ́žʰasya	*náyȷ́žʰayās	*náyȷ́žʰānaHam
locative	*náyȷ́žʰay	*náyȷ́žʰayaw	*náyȷ́žʰayšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náyȷ́ẓʰam
- ⇒ Sanskrit: निक्षति (níkṣati, “to pierce, kiss”)
- ⇒ Sanskrit: नीक्षण (nī́kṣaṇa, “ladle”)
- ⇒ Sanskrit: नेक्षण (nékṣaṇa, “fork, sharp stick, spear”)
Proto-Iranian: *náyjam
- Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (naēza, “tip (needle)”)
- Old Median: [script needed] (*náyzam)
  - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (nēš)
    - Persian: نیش (niš, “tip; sting; lance”)
    - → Arabic: نَيْزَة (nayza)
  - → Classical Syriac: ܢܺܝܙܳܪܳܐ (nizārā)
- ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *náyjakam
  - Kurdish:
    Northern Kurdish: nize, nîze
    
    Central Kurdish: نێزە (nêze)
  - Old Median: *náyzakam^[2]^[3]
    - → Old Armenian: նիզակ (nizak)
    - → Middle Persian:
      Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (nyck' /⁠nēzag⁠/, “spear, lance”)
      - Classical Persian: نیزه (nēza)
        Persian: نیزه (neyze)
        
        Tajik: найза (nayza)
      - → Arabic: نَيْزَك (nayzak)
    - → Aramaic: [script needed] (nzk)
    - → Classical Syriac: ܢܝܙܟܐ (nayzkāʾ)
- ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patináyjah
  - Old Persian: [script needed] (*patinaida)
    - Elamite: 𒁁𒋾𒈾𒀀𒁕 (bat-ti-na-a-da)

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “NIKṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 41: “*nei̯ǵ⁽ʰ⁾ ~ *nei̯ǵ⁽ʰ⁾s”
^ Hinz, Walther (1975) Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 172
^ Janda, Michael (2004) Die Sprache Der Meder (dissertation)‎^[3] (in German), University of Zurich, page 105