Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hacangáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Alternative forms

*Hacanáh

Etymology

Perhaps from earlier *Hacanáh (compare Old Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬇𐬥𐬋 (asə̄nō)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćanás, genitive singular of *Háćmā (“stone”). Cognate with Sanskrit अशन् (áśan), अश्नस् (áśnas), अश्ना (áśnā, “stone”, instr.).

Noun

*Hacangáh^[1]^[2]

stone, rock
weight

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hacangáh	*Hacangā́(w)	*Hacangā́h(ah)
vocative	*Hácanga	*Hácangā(w)	*Hácangāh(ah)
accusative	*Hacangám	*Hacangā́(w)	*Hacangā́nh
instrumental	*HacangáH	*Hacangáybʰyā(m)	*Hacangā́yš
ablative	*Hacangā́t	*Hacangáybʰyā(m)	*Hacangáybʰyah
dative	*Hacangā́y	*Hacangáybʰyā(m)	*Hacangáybʰyah
genitive	*Hacangáhya	*Hacangáyāh	*Hacangā́naHam
locative	*Hacangáy	*Hacangáyaw	*Hacangáyšu

Related terms

*Hácmā
*Hacrah

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬇𐬥𐬋 (asə̄nō)
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬆𐬥𐬔𐬀 (asənga)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Scythian:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (saṃggä)^[3]
  - Ossetian:
    Digor Ossetian: дзӕнхъа (ʒænqa), дзӕгъгъа (ʒæǧǧa)
    
    Iron Ossetian: дзӕнгъа (ʒænǧa)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ασαγγο (asango /⁠asaŋg⁠/)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (snk)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/⁠śaṁg(ā)⁠/)
      Buddhist: [script needed] (snk), [script needed] (snk')
      
      Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫗𐫃 (sng)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼼𐼻𐼲 (snɣ) (Christian)
    - Yagnobi: sánk, sánka, sang
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ishkashimi: [script needed] (sůng)
- Sanglechi: [script needed] (song)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: سنگ (sing, sang)
- Caspian:
  - Gilaki: سنگ (səng)
  - Shahmirzadi: سنگ (sang)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: seng (“weight”)
  
  Central Kurdish: سەنگ (seng, “weight”)
  ⇒ Central Kurdish: سەنگاندن (sengandin), ھەڵ-سەنگاندن (hell-sengandin, “to weigh, compare, evaluate”)
- Old Median: *asangah
  - Middle Median: *sang
    - Kermanic: سنگ (seng, sang, säng), سینگ (sēng) (Anaraki)
    - Proto-Tatic:
      - Talysh:
        Northern Talysh: سق (sığ)
      - Old Tati:
        Old Azari: سغ (sağ)
        Karingani: saǧ, sax
        Harzani: səǧ
  - → Elamite:
    Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀾𒃻𒀭𒋡 (áš-šá-an-ka₄ /⁠ášanka⁠/)
- Parthian: (/⁠asang⁠/)
  Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫃 (ʾsng), 𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫗𐫃 (ʾsnng)
- Semnani:
  - Lasgerdi: سنگ (sang)
  - Sangisari: سنگ (sang)
  - Semnani: [script needed] (song)
  - Sorkhei: [script needed] (sɒng)
- Zazaki: si(g)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Larestani–Gulf:
  - Larestani: سنگ (sang)
  - Southwestern Fars: سنگ (sæng)
- Old Persian: 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (a-θ-g /⁠aθaⁿgaʰ⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠sang⁠/)
    Book Pahlavi script: 𐮽𐮵𐯋𐮲 (sng), [script needed] (KYPA)
    - Bakhtiari: سنگ (sang)
    - Classical Persian: سنگ (sang)
      - Coptic: ⲃⲁⲥⲛϭ (basnc)
      - → Hindustani:
        Hindi: संग (saṅg)
        Urdu: سنگ (saṅg)
      - Ottoman Turkish: سنگ (seng)
      - → Punjabi:
        Gurmukhi script: ਸੰਗ (saṅg)
        Shahmukhi script: سنگ (saṅg)

References

^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*aśanga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 238
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 198
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 417a

[ESIJa-1] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*aśanga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 238

[2] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 198

[3] Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 417a

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