Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/jā́h

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰžʰā́s, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षम् (kṣám).

Noun

*jā́h ~ *jmáh f

earth

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*jā́h	*jā́mā(w)	*jā́mah
vocative	*jám	*jā́mā(w)	*jā́mah
accusative	*jā́m	*jā́mā(w)	*jmáh
instrumental	*jmáH	*jabʰyā́(m)	*jabʰíš
ablative	*jmáh	*jabʰyā́(m)	*jabʰyáH
dative	*jmáy	*jabʰyā́(m)	*jabʰyáH
genitive	*jmáh	*jaHā́h	*jmáHam
locative	*jámi	*jaHáw	*jahú

Derived terms

*jamiHkah
- Bactrian: ζαμιιο (zamiio /⁠dzamī⁠/)
- Baluchi: زمین (zamín), زمیگ (zamíg)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: zevî
  
  Central Kurdish: زەوی (zewî), زەوین (zewîn)
  
  Southern Kurdish: زەۊ (zeẅ)
- Old Mazanderani: زمین (zamīn)
  - Mazanderani: زمین (zamīn)
- Gilaki: زمین (zəmīn, zimīn)
- Parthian: 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫃 (zmyg), 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫞 (zmyq /⁠zamīg⁠/)
  - → Middle Persian: (/⁠zamīg⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫃 (zmyg), 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫞 (zmyq)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zmyk')
    
    Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮆𐮋𐮈𐮉 (zmyk)
    
    Pazend script: 𐬰𐬀𐬨𐬍 (zamī)
    - Classical Persian: زمی (zamī)
      Iranian Persian: زمین (zamîn)
      
      Dari: زمین (zamîn)
      
      Tajik: замин (zamin)
      - → Yagnobi: замин (zamin)
- Kermanic: زمین (zemīn) (Kermani), زوین (zvīn), وزین (vzīn) (Zoroastrian Dari)
- Tafreshi:
  - Amorehi: زمین (zemīn)
  - Kahaki: زمین (zemīn)
  - Vafsi: زوین (zavīn)
- Old Azari: زمی (zamī)
  - Harzani: زمی (zamī)
  - Karingani: زمی (zamī)
- Talysh: (/⁠zamī⁠/)
  Arabic script: زمی
  
  Latin script: zəmı
- Gurani: زەمین (zemîn /⁠zamīn⁠/)
- Zazaki: zimê (/⁠zimē⁠/), zemîn (/⁠zamīn⁠/)
- Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dmyk' /⁠damīg⁠/)
  - Classical Persian: دمیک (damīk)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬨 (zam), 𐬰𐬃 (zā̊, nom.sg.), 𐬰𐬄𐬨 (ząm, acc.sg.), 𐬰𐬆𐬨𐬋 (zəmō, gen.sg./nom.pl.)
Northeastern Iranian:
- ⇒ Proto-Scythian: *zamā
  - ⇒ Proto-Scythian: *zamak(k)ā
    - Proto-Sarmatian: *zamaxa, *zanxa
      - Alanic: *zænxæ
        Ossetian:
        Digor Ossetian: зӕнхӕ (zænxæ)
        
        Iron Ossetian: зӕхх (zæxx)
  - Khotanese: *ysama
    - ⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (ysamaśśaṃdai)
- Sogdian: (/⁠zāy⁠/)
  Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼰𐼷𐼳 (zʾyh), 𐼵𐼰𐼷 (zʾy)
  
  Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫀𐫏𐫍 (zʾyh), 𐫉𐫀𐫏 (zʾy)
  
  Syriac script: ܙܐܝ (zʾy), ܙܝ (zy), ݍܝ (žy)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: ځمکه (dzmëka), مځکه (mdzëka), زمکه (zmëka)
- Yazghulami: زماذ (zəmāδ)