Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/wertō
Proto-Italic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).[1]
Verb
*wertō first-singular present indicative
- to turn
Inflection
The perfect stem *wort- is dereduplicated from original *wowort-.
| Inflection of *wertō (third conjugation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Present | *wertō | |
| Perfect | *wortai | |
| Aorist | — | |
| Past participle | *worssos | |
| Present indicative | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *wertō | *wertōr |
| 2nd sing. | *wertes | *wertezo |
| 3rd sing. | *wertet | *wertetor |
| 1st plur. | *wertomos | *wertomor |
| 2nd plur. | *wertetes | *wertem(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *wertont | *wertontor |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *wertām | *wertār |
| 2nd sing. | *wertās | *wertāzo |
| 3rd sing. | *wertād | *wertātor |
| 1st plur. | *wertāmos | *wertāmor |
| 2nd plur. | *wertātes | *wertām(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *wertānd | *wertāntor |
| Perfect indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | *wortai | |
| 2nd sing. | *wortistai? | |
| 3rd sing. | *wortei | |
| 1st plur. | *wortme? | |
| 2nd plur. | *worte | |
| 3rd plur. | *wortēri | |
| Aorist indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Present imperative | Active | Passive |
| 2nd sing. | *werte | *wertezo |
| 2nd plur. | *wertete | — |
| Future imperative | Active | |
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *wertetōd | |
| Participles | Present | Past |
| *wertents | *worssos | |
| Verbal nouns | tu-derivative | s-derivative |
| *worssum | *wertezi | |
Derived terms
- *kom-wertō
- *werssōr (*-tōr agent noun)
- Oscan: ϝερσορει (wersorei, dat. sg.)
- *trānsworssos[2]
- Latin: trānsversus
- *trānsworssēd[3]
- Umbrian: trahuorfi[4][5]
- Latin: trānsversē
Descendants
- Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)
- Umbrian: 𐌅𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌔 (vurtus, 3sg. fut. perf.)
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ve/ortō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 666-7
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2017) “The dialectology of Italic”, in Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz, and Jared Klein, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, De Gruyter
- ^ Leppänen, Ville (2018-05-17) Ablaut and the Latin verb (Thesis)[1] (in German), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, page 44
- ^ Poultney, James Wilson (1959) The Bronze Tables of Iguvium[2], Baltimore: American Philological Association
- ^ “Umbrian ⟨rs⟩ and ⟨rf⟩”, in Indo-European Linguistics[3], volume 9, number 1 (quotation in English; overall work in English), 7 December 2021, , →ISSN, page 208