Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/ka-

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka-.

Prefix

*ka-

  1. marker of past time in temporal expressions
  2. stative marker in irrealis constructions
    Antonym: *ma-
  3. extremely; superlative
  4. mate, partner, cohort
  5. formative for abstract nouns of quality
  6. manner in which an action is carried out
  7. past participle, achieved state

Descendants

  • Proto-Philippine:
    • Batanic
      • Yami: ka- (“company, as ... as, abstract noun; and then, just now, only; stative verb prefix reappearing in forming transitive verbs; very (reduplicated root); animals named after certain features (reduplicated root)”)
    • Greater Central Philippine
      • Central Philippine
        • Tagalog: ka-
        • Coastal Bikol
          • Bikol Central: ka-
        • Bisayan/Visayan
  • Western Indonesian
    • Greater North Borneo
      • Proto-Malayic:
        • Malayic
      • Old Sundanese:
        • Sundanese: ᮊ- (ka-)
    • Madurese:
    • Old Javanese: ka-
  • Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
    • Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
      • Proto-Oceanic:
        • Micronesian
          • Central Micronesian

Further reading

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