Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔayyal-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔayyal- m

stag, hart

Inflection

Declension of *ʔayyal-
case	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ʔayyalum	*ʔayyalāna	plural stem + *-ūna
accusative	*ʔayyalam	*ʔayyalayna	plural stem + *-īna
genitive	*ʔayyalim	*ʔayyalayna	plural stem + *-īna

possessive forms
1^st person	ʔayyalī / ʔayyalVya	—	*ʔayyalVni
2^nd person m	*ʔayyalVka	ʔayyalVkumā / ʔayyalVkumay	*ʔayyalVkum(ū)
2^nd person f	*ʔayyalVki	ʔayyalVkumā / ʔayyalVkumay	*ʔayyalVkin(ā)
3^rd person m	*ʔayyalVšu	ʔayyalVšumā / ʔayyalVšumay	*ʔayyalVšum(ū)
3^rd person f	*ʔayyalVša	ʔayyalVšumā / ʔayyalVšumay	*ʔayyalVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔayyaluya for nom. case, *ʔayyaliya for gen. case, *ʔayyalaya for acc. case, etc.

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒁰𒈦 (ayyalum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: أُيَّل (ʔuyyal), أَيِّل (ʔayyil), إِيَّل (ʔiyyal), أَيَّل (ʔayyal)
    - Maltese: ajl (perhaps)
    - → Classical Persian: اُیَّل (uyyal, “deer, stag”)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: איילה
      
      Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܐܝܐܠܐ
      
      Jewish Literary Aramaic: אַיָּלָא (ʾayyālā), אַיָּילָא (ʾayyālā)
      
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַיְילָא (ʾaylā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܰܝܠܳܐ (ʾaylā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: אַיָּל (ayál, ʾayyāl, “stag”), אַיִל (áyil, ʾáyil, “ram”)
      - Phoenician: 𐤀𐤉𐤋 (ʾyl /⁠ʾayl⁠/, “ram”)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎊𐎍 (ảyl /⁠ʾayyalu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩺𐩡 (ʾyl, “ibex”)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ሀየል (häyyäl, “ibex”), ኀየል (ḫäyyäl)
→ Coptic: ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (eioul)
→ Old Armenian: անալութ (analutʻ)