Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaḳrab-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Likely from Proto-Afroasiatic.

Noun

*ʕaḳrab- m

scorpion

Inflection

Declension of *ʕaḳrab-
case	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ʕaḳrabum	*ʕaḳrabāna	plural stem + *-ūna
accusative	*ʕaḳrabam	*ʕaḳrabayna	plural stem + *-īna
genitive	*ʕaḳrabim	*ʕaḳrabayna	plural stem + *-īna

possessive forms
1^st person	ʕaḳrabī / ʕaḳrabVya	—	*ʕaḳrabVni
2^nd person m	*ʕaḳrabVka	ʕaḳrabVkumā / ʕaḳrabVkumay	*ʕaḳrabVkum(ū)
2^nd person f	*ʕaḳrabVki	ʕaḳrabVkumā / ʕaḳrabVkumay	*ʕaḳrabVkin(ā)
3^rd person m	*ʕaḳrabVšu	ʕaḳrabVšumā / ʕaḳrabVšumay	*ʕaḳrabVšum(ū)
3^rd person f	*ʕaḳrabVša	ʕaḳrabVšumā / ʕaḳrabVšumay	*ʕaḳrabVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕaḳrabuya for nom. case, *ʕaḳrabiya for gen. case, *ʕaḳrabaya for acc. case, etc.

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀝𒊏𒁍 (aqrabum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَقْرَب (ʕaqrab)
    - Maltese: għakreb
    - Moroccan Arabic: عقرب (ʕaqrab)
    - → Armenian: աղրաբ (aġrab)
    - → Azerbaijani: əqrəb / әгрәб
    - → Khalaj: aqrab
    - → Persian: عقرب ('aqrab)
    - → Old Navarro-Aragonese: alacran
      - Aragonese: alacrán, alicrán, arraclán, arriclán
    - → Old Catalan: alacrà
      - Catalan: alacrà, alicrà, aliacrà
    - → Old Galician-Portuguese: alacran
      - Portuguese: lacrau, lacraia, alacrau, alacrara
    - → Old Spanish: alacran
      - Spanish: alacrán
        → Tagalog: alakdan
    - → Swahili: akrabu
    - → Ottoman Turkish: عقرب (ʼakreb)
      - Turkish: akrep
      - → Albanian: akrep
      - → Armenian: ախրէպ (axrēp)
      - → Laz: აკრეპი (aǩrep̌i), აქრები (akrebi) — Artasheni, ანკრეპი (anǩrep̌i)
    - → Uzbek: aqrab
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: עקרבא (‘eqarbā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܩܪܒܐ (‘eqarbā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: עקרב ('akráv, ʿaqrāḇ)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎖𐎗𐎁 (ʿqrb /⁠ʿqrb⁠/)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: ዓቅራብ (ʿaḳrab)
  - Ge'ez: ዐቅረብ (ʿäḳräb), ዐቅራብ (ʿäḳrab), አቅረብ (ʾäḳräb), አቅራብ (ʾäḳrab)
  - Tigre: ዓርቀብ (ʿarḳäb), ዓርቃብ (ʿarḳab)
  - Tigrinya: ዕንቅርቢት (ʿənḳərbit)

References

Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN page 68