Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḡurayb-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Ultimately onomatopoeic. Compare Latin corvus and Proto-Germanic *hrabnaz, with the same phonetic pattern: velar (+ close or mid-close vowel) + rhotic + bilabial.

Noun

*ḡurayb- m

raven, crow

Inflection

Declension of *ḡurayb-
case	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ḡuraybum	*ḡuraybāna	plural stem + *-ūna
accusative	*ḡuraybam	*ḡuraybayna	plural stem + *-īna
genitive	*ḡuraybim	*ḡuraybayna	plural stem + *-īna

possessive forms
1^st person	ḡuraybī / ḡuraybVya	—	*ḡuraybVni
2^nd person m	*ḡuraybVka	ḡuraybVkumā / ḡuraybVkumay	*ḡuraybVkum(ū)
2^nd person f	*ḡuraybVki	ḡuraybVkumā / ḡuraybVkumay	*ḡuraybVkin(ā)
3^rd person m	*ḡuraybVšu	ḡuraybVšumā / ḡuraybVšumay	*ḡuraybVšum(ū)
3^rd person f	*ḡuraybVša	ḡuraybVšumā / ḡuraybVšumay	*ḡuraybVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḡuraybuya for nom. case, *ḡuraybiya for gen. case, *ḡuraybaya for acc. case, etc.

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌑𒉁𒂵 (erēbum, ḫerēbum, arēbu)
- Eblaite: 𒂵𒌷𒅤 (ga-ri₂-bu₃ /⁠ḡarību⁠/), 𒄩𒌷𒅤𒌝 (ḫa-ri₂-bu₃-um /⁠ḡarībum⁠/)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: غُرَاب (ḡurāb)
    - Maltese: għorab, għarab
    - Moroccan Arabic: غراب (ḡrāb)
    - → Ottoman Turkish: غراب (gurab)
    - → South Levantine Arabic: غراب (ḡurāb) (learned)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      - Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: עוֹרְבָא (ʿūrḇā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܽܘܪܒܳܐ (ʿūrḇā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: עוֹרֵב ('orév, ʿôrēḇ)
- Modern South Arabian:
  - Mehri: haġaráyb, yəġəráyb, yəġərēb
  - Shehri: ʾaġəréb
  - Soqotri: ʾáʿrəb
→ Old Armenian: ագռաւ (agṙaw) (possibly)