Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/l-(t/d)jam

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *l-(t)jam ⪤ *l-(d)jam (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987; Benedict, 1972)

This root combines two separate meanings. In some languages it means (to) fill, while in others straight or flat.

Adjective

*d)jam

  1. full
  2. straight, flat

Verb

*d)jam

  1. fill

Descendants

  • Old Chinese:
    斟 /*t.qəm/ (B-S); /*kljum/ (ZS) (“to pour”)
    淫 /*ɴ.rəm/ (B-S); /*lɯm/ (ZS) (“excessive”)
    • Middle Chinese:
      斟 /t͡ɕiɪm/

      → Japanese: 斟 (しん, ​shin)
      Korean: 짐 (斟, jim)
      Vietnamese: châm (斟)

      淫 /jiɪm/

      → Japanese: 淫 (いん, ​in)
      Korean: 음 (淫, eum)
      Vietnamese: dâm (淫)

      • Mandarin:
        • Beijing:
          斟 (zhēn) /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
          淫 (yín) /in³⁵/
      • Cantonese:
        • Guangzhou-Hong Kong:
          斟 (zam1) /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
          淫 (jam4) /jɐm²¹/
  • Kuki-Chin: /*ɗim/ ("full")
    • Northern Chin
      • Tiddim:
        /dim/ ("full") (LaPolla, 1987)
        /tam/ ("level") (LaPolla, 1987)
    • Central Chin
      • Lai: /duʔ dîm/ ("fully satisfied")
  • Himalayish
  • Lolo-Burmese
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