Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/pV-rjat

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rjat (Miyake, 2014)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-r-gyat = *(b-)g-ryat (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-rgyat (Benedict, 1972); *b-r-gyat  (LaPolla, 1987).

Reconstruction of *pV-rjat was inspired by Jacques (2021)[1] reconstructing *pərjat for pre-Chinese. Furthermore:

  • Tibetan -g- is a secondary epenthetic development per Li Fang-kuei’s law.[2]
  • The voiceless p- in Chinese and voiced b- in Tibetan are, according to Jacques, divergent treatments of an original pre-syllable *pə-.
  • Hill reconstructs *e as the main vowel to account for Chinese, presuming the non-Chinese a to be a secondary development. Jacques disagrees with Hill, going back to the traditionally reconstructed *a and presuming the Chinese *e as secondary after a change *ja > *e.

Numeral

Proto-Sino-Tibetan numbers (edit)
 ←  7 8 9  → 
    Cardinal: *pV-rjat

*pV-rjat

  1. eight

Descendants

  • Chinese: 八 (OC /pˤret/ (B-S), /*preːd/ (ZS)) (see there for further descendants)
  • Kamarupan
    • North Assam
      • Tani
      • Deng
    • Kuki-Chin:
      /*riat/ ("eight")
      • Peripheral Chin
        • Northern Chin
        • Southern Plains Chin
      • Central Chin
      • Maraic
      • "Old Kuki"
    • "Naga"
      • Northern Naga
      • Central Naga (Ao Group)
        • Ao (Mongsen): /tsʰət/
      • Angami-Pochuri Group
      • Zeme Group
      • Tangkhulic:
        /*ʃɐt/ ("eight")
    • Meithei
    • Mikir
    • Mru
    • Bodo-Garo = Barish
      • Garo: chet (“eight”)
      • Kokborok: char (“eight”)
      • Atong (India): chatgyk
    • Chairel
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Western Himalayish
        • Kanauri: /ræ/
      • Proto-Bodish: *(b)rgʲat (see there for further descendants)
      • Lepcha
      • Tamangic
      • Dhimal
    • Newar
    • Mahakiranti
      • Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
      • Kiranti
        • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
        • Western Kiranti
          • Bahing: /ja/
        • Dumi: /ri/
        • Thulung: /let/, /jet/
  • rGyalrongic
    • West rGyalrongic
      • Horpa
        • Geshiza: rjɛ
        • Tangut: 𘉋 (*ꞏjar¹, “eight”)
      • Khroskyabs: vjɑ́
    • East rGyalrongic
      • Japhug: kɯrcat
      • Situ: kə rscat /kə-rscat/ [kəˈrscat̪]
        • Situ (Maerkang): /wə rjɑt/
      • Tshobdun: kə rkjet /kə́-rkjet/
  • Naic
    • Proto-Naish: *Snil
      • Naxi: hol
      • Narua: honq
      • Laze: [Term?] (/⁠ɕi˩ gv˩⁠/)
    • Namuyi: hī
  • Jingpho-Asakian
  • Nungish
    • Anong: /əʃat/
  • Tujia
  • Proto-Lolo-Burmese: *ʔ-ritᴸ (“eight”)
    • Burmish
    • Loloish
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꉆ (hxit, “eight”)
      • Central Loloish
      • Southern Loloish
  • Naic
  • Proto-Karen: *khrɔtᴰ ~ grɔtᴰ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • Bai

See also

References

  1. ^ Jacques, Guillaume (2021) “Review of Hill (2019): The Historical Phonology of Tibetan, Burmese, and Chinese”, in Journal of Historical Linguistics‎[1], volume 11, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 143–158
  2. ^ Hill NW. The Historical Phonology of Tibetan, Burmese, and Chinese. Cambridge University Press; 2019.
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