Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/səm

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sjəm (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s(y)am-s (Matisoff, STEDT); *səm (French, 1983); *sam (Coblin, 1986; Michailovsky, 1991)

Noun

*səm

  1. soul, mind, spirit
  2. heart
  3. breath, voice

Descendants

  • Old Chinese: 心 (xīn) /*səm/ (B-S), /*slɯm/ (ZS) ("heart, mind")
    • Middle Chinese: 心 (xīn) /siɪm/

      → Japanese: 心 (しん, ​shin)
      Korean: 심 (心, sim)
      Vietnamese: tâm (心)

      • Mandarin
        • Beijing: 心 (xīn) (xīn, /ɕin⁵⁵/)
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: 心 (xīn) /sɐm⁵⁵/
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: 心 (xīn) /ɕɪ̆ɲ⁵³/
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: 心 (xīn) /ɕim⁵⁵/
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • East Bodic
          • Kurtöp: སེམ (sem)
        • Tibetan
      • Tamangic
        *ᴬson, *ᴬsan, *ᴬsam (“mind, heart”) (Mazaudon, 1994)
    • Kiranti
      /*sam/ ("breath, lung") (Michailovsky, 1991)
  • Jingpho-Asakian
    • Jingpho
      • Jingpho: nsen (“sound, voice”)
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish

See also

  • *s/k-niŋ (“brain, heart, mind”)
  • *s-njam (“think, brain”)
  • *s(j)am ~ s(j)aŋ (“throat”)
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