Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-n(u/a)m

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-n(u/a)m (Matisoff, STEDT)

This root provides evidence that ablaut of *u ~ *a existed in the proto-language. Compare *g-sum ⪤ *g-sam (“three”) and *b-suŋ ~ b-saŋ (“fragrance”) (Matisoff, 1997).

Noun

*s-n(u/a)m

  1. fat

Descendants

  • Old Chinese: 腩 (OC *nuːmʔ)
    • Middle Chinese: 腩 (nomX)
      • Mandarin
        • Beijing: 腩 (nǎn), /nan²¹⁴/)
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: 腩 (naam5) /naːm¹³/
        • Taishan: 腩 (nam4) /ⁿdam²¹/
      • Hakka
        • Meixian: 腩 (nam1) /nam⁴⁴/
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: 腩 (3noe) /nø²³/
        • Wenzhou: 腩 /ʔnø³⁵/
    • Min
      • Southern Min
        Hokkien:
        Quanzhou: 腩 (lám) /lam⁵⁵⁴/
        Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei: 腩 (lám) /lam⁵³/
        Teochew: 腩 (lam2) /lam⁵²/
Sino-Xenic (腩 (nǎn)):
  • Kamarupan
    • "North Assam"
      • Tani
        Bokar: num /num/ ("oil") (Sun, 1993)
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Tibetan: སྣུམ (snum, “oil, grease”)
            • Modern Tibetan (Lhasa): /num˥˥/
            • Khams Tibetan:
              • Batang: /n̥ʲũ⁵⁵/ (Dai, 1989)
            • Amdo Tibetan
              • Zêkog: /rn̥əm/ (Sun, 1991)
              • Bla-Brang: /hnəm/ (Sun, 1991)
              • Arik: /rn̥əm/ (Huang & Dai, 1992)
            • Sherpa:
              • Helambu: /nūm/ (Bishop, 1989)
        • Eastern Bodish:
          • Tawang Monpa: [script needed] (/num⁵³/, “oil”)
      • Lepcha: ᰍᰪᰮᰗᰪ (numtsu, “oil”)
  • Qiangic
    • Guiqiong: [script needed] (/mɔ³³ nɑ⁵³/, “oil, fat”) (Huang & Dai, 1992)
    • Northern Pumi: [script needed] (/mɑ⁵⁵ nɑ⁵⁵/, “oil”) (Huang & Dai, 1992)
    • Southern Qiang:
      • Taoping: /χnʲo⁵⁵/ (Sun, 1981)
    • Queyu:
      • Yajiang: /ma³⁵ na⁵³/ (Sun, 1991)
      • Xinlong: /ma¹³ rna⁵⁵/ (Huang & Dai, 1992)
    • Zhaba: [script needed] (/me³³ na⁵⁵/) (Huang & Dai, 1992)
  • rGyalrongic
    • West rGyalrongic
      • Horpa:
        • Daofu: /mɑ rnɑ/, "oil" (Huang & Dai, 1992)
        • Ergong (Danba): /snəm/, "oil, fat" (Sun, 1991)
    • East rGyalrongic
      • Tshobdun: [Term?] (/snəm/, “oil”) (Sun, 1997)
      • Zbu:
        • Ma'erkang: /ka və nʲam/, "fat" (Sun, 1991)
        • Rangtang Zongke: /snəm/, "grease" (Nagano, 2013)
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