Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-turʔ

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *təy (Chou, 1972); *s-turʔ (Sagart, 2017); *tVtur (Hill's 2021 highlighted comment on Miyake, 2021)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-t(w)əy-n ⪤ *m-ti-s ("water / fluid / liquid / soak"), *twəy ⪤ dwəy ("water / egg / spit"), *twəy-n ("water / river"), *ti(y) ("water") (Matisoff, STEDT); *ti(y), *twiy (Benedict, 1972); *twəy (Chou, 1972)

Sagart treats what STEDT assigns to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s and *tsju as one single etymon *s-turʔ. The loss of final *-r in Tibetan and its transformation to *-j in other non-Chinese languages are both regular after high vowels *i or *u.

*s-turʔ^[1]

1. water
2. fluid, liquid
3. to soak
4. wet

• Chinese: 沝 (OC *turʔ (B-S)) (see there for further descendants)
• Chinese: 水 (OC *s.turʔ (B-S)) (see there for further descendants)
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodish
      • Tibetic
        • Dzongkha: ཆུ (chu)
        • Tibetan: ཆུ (chu, “water”)
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
      • Chepang: /tiʔ/ ("water")
    • Kiranti
      • Western Kiranti
        • Hayu: /ti/ ("water")
• Proto-Kuki-Chin: *tuy
  • Central
    • Mizo: tui
    • Falam Chin: ti
    • Lai: ti
  • Khomic
    • Khumi Chin: tui
  • Northern
    • Zou: tui
• Proto-Tangkhulic: *dɨ (Mortensen, 2012)
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho
    • Jingpho: madi (“wet, moist”), madit (“wet, moist; dampen”)
• Proto-Northern Naga: *təy (French, 1983)
• Boro-Garo
  • Kokborok: twi
  • Garo: chi
• Lolo-Burmese: *m/ʔ-titᴴ (“wet; soak”)
  • Loloish
    • Central Loloish
      • Lisu (Southern): ꓔꓲꓹ (tǐ, “to immerse in water, dye”)
  • Burmish
    • Burmese: ထွေး (htwe:, “to spit”)
• Proto-Karen: *thejᴬ (“water”) (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: ထံ (thi, “water”)
  • Pa'o Karen: ထီ (“water”)
  • Eastern Pwo: ထီ့ (thî, “water”)
  • Western Pwo: ထံၫ (“water”)
  • Western Kayah: ꤓꤛꤢꤩ꤭ (htyē, “water”)

• *d(w)əj (“egg, testicle”)