Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sěverъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *śḗˀweras / *śjáuˀrias. Derksen derives it from *ḱeh₁wer-o-s, Dybo from *(s)ḱyeh₂w- ~ *(s)ḱih₂w- (“north; north wind”). Cognate with Lithuanian šiaurỹs (“north wind”), šiáurė (“north”), šiū́ra (dialectal).

Noun

*sě̀verъ m^[1]^[2]^[3]

north

Inflection

Declension of *sěverъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sěverъ	*sěvera	*sěveri
genitive	*sěvera	*sěveru	*sěverъ
dative	*sěveru	*sěveroma	*sěveromъ
accusative	*sěverъ	*sěvera	*sěvery
instrumental	sěverъmь, sěveromь^*	*sěveroma	*sěverȳ
locative	*sěverě	*sěveru	*sěverě̄xъ
vocative	*sěvere	*sěvera	*sěveri

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: сѣверъ (sěverŭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: сѣ́веръ (sě́ver)
    - Belarusian: се́вер (sjévjer), сі́вер (sívjer)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: сї́вер (sjíver)
    - Ukrainian: сі́вер (síver)
  - Russian: се́вер (séver)
- Old Novgorodian: *сивере (*sivere)
  - → Russian: си́вер (síver, “north wind”) (Arkhangelsk dialect)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Glagolitic script: ⱄⱑⰲⰵⱃⱏ (sěverŭ)
  
  Old Cyrillic script: сѣверъ (sěverŭ)
  - Bulgarian: се́вер (séver)
  - Macedonian: север (sever)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: се̏ве̄р, сје̏ве̄р
  
  Latin script: sȅvēr, sjȅvēr
- Slovene: sẹ́ver (tonal orthography); sẹvər (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: sěver
  - Czech: sever
    - → Upper Sorbian: sewjer (“north”)
      - → Lower Sorbian: sewjer (“north”)
- Polish: siewier, Siewiór
- Slovak: sever
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: sowjer (“high-altitude haze”)

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sě̀verъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “sěverъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132)”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “sever”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *sě̋verъ”