Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sverěpъ
Proto-Slavic
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology 1
From earlier *(e)svorěpъ, from *esva (“horse”) + *rěpъ (“bur, burdock”). For the loss of the initial vowel, cf. Old Prussian sweikis (“plowhorse”) (from *asveikīs); according Machek it was assimilated under influence of -ě-. Such etymology is supported by the dialectal Czech equivalent koňský řepíček "horse's Agrimonium", Romanian borrowings from Church Slavonic: sireáp and svireáp (“rampant (on a horse)”) and Czech and Old Polish descendants meaning "stallion", "mare"[1].
According to Brückner: from *svarъ + *-ěpъ[2].
Noun
*sverěpъ m[1]
Alternative forms
- *sverěpa f
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpa | *sverěpi |
| genitive | *sverěpa | *sverěpu | *sverěpъ |
| dative | *sverěpu | *sverěpoma | *sverěpomъ |
| accusative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpa | *sverěpy |
| instrumental | *sverěpъmь, *sverěpomь* | *sverěpoma | *sverěpy |
| locative | *sverěpě | *sverěpu | *sverěpěxъ |
| vocative | *sverěpe | *sverěpa | *sverěpi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Blažek, Václav (2009) “Kam ta slova zmizela? O chybějících slovanských kontinuantech indoevropských etymonů”, in Ilona Janyšková, Helena Karlíková, editors, Studia etymologica Brunensia[1] (in Czech), volume 6, Prague: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, →ISBN, pages 38-39
- ^ Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “świerzepa”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
Etymology 2
Unclear:
- Machek, Snoj: From *sve- (“self”) + *rěpъ (“clinging”), originally meaning “one who relies on themselves”.
- Miklošič, Fortunatov: Akin to Lithuanian šiur̃pti (“to bristle, to shiver”).
- Mladenov: Related to Lithuanian sver̃ti (“to scale, to weigh”), svi̇̀rtis (“lever”), svarùs (“important”), Latvian svērt (“to weigh”), Proto-Germanic *swēraz (“heavy”) (effectively from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“grave”) + *-ěpъ). Potebnja also relates dial. Russian осве́р (osvér, “lever arm”), possibly сверёжой (sverjóžoj, “wayward”) to this set of cognates.
- V. Merkulova: From the root of *sur- (“raw”) + *-ěpъ.
- Holzer: Possibly derived from a non-Slavic IE substrate (again + *-ěpъ), cognate with native *zvěrь (“beast”).
The origin of the elusive suffix *-ěpъ in the last three proposals is uncertain. Found also in dialectal terms such as *kъrlěpъ (“sticky”) (> dial. Serbo-Croatian крлијеп, stand. крпељ (“tick”) (via metathesis)), *skorěpъ (“hollow”) (> Czech skоřера (“husk”)).
Vasmer, Brückner, Jagić, Blažek discuss the adjective alongside the noun, (presumably) implying kinship between the two.
Adjective
*sverěpъ[1]
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpa | *sverěpo |
| genitive | *sverěpa | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
| dative | *sverěpu | *sverěpě | *sverěpu |
| accusative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpǫ | *sverěpo |
| instrumental | *sverěpomь | *sverěpojǫ | *sverěpomь |
| locative | *sverěpě | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| vocative | *sverěpe | *sverěpo | *sverěpo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *sverěpa | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| genitive | *sverěpu | *sverěpu | *sverěpu |
| dative | *sverěpoma | *sverěpama | *sverěpoma |
| accusative | *sverěpa | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| instrumental | *sverěpoma | *sverěpama | *sverěpoma |
| locative | *sverěpu | *sverěpu | *sverěpu |
| vocative | *sverěpa | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *sverěpi | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
| genitive | *sverěpъ | *sverěpъ | *sverěpъ |
| dative | *sverěpomъ | *sverěpamъ | *sverěpomъ |
| accusative | *sverěpy | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
| instrumental | *sverěpy | *sverěpami | *sverěpy |
| locative | *sverěpěxъ | *sverěpaxъ | *sverěpěxъ |
| vocative | *sverěpi | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *sverěpъjь | *sverěpaja | *sverěpoje |
| genitive | *sverěpajego | *sverěpyję̇ | *sverěpajego |
| dative | *sverěpujemu | *sverěpěji | *sverěpujemu |
| accusative | *sverěpъjь | *sverěpǫjǫ | *sverěpoje |
| instrumental | *sverěpyjimь | *sverěpǫjǫ | *sverěpyjimь |
| locative | *sverěpějemь | *sverěpěji | *sverěpějemь |
| vocative | *sverěpъjь | *sverěpaja | *sverěpoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *sverěpaja | *sverěpěji | *sverěpěji |
| genitive | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju |
| dative | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima |
| accusative | *sverěpaja | *sverěpěji | *sverěpěji |
| instrumental | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima |
| locative | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju |
| vocative | *sverěpaja | *sverěpěji | *sverěpěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *sverěpiji | *sverěpyję̇ | *sverěpaja |
| genitive | *sverěpъjixъ | *sverěpъjixъ | *sverěpъjixъ |
| dative | *sverěpyjimъ | *sverěpyjimъ | *sverěpyjimъ |
| accusative | *sverěpyję̇ | *sverěpyję̇ | *sverěpaja |
| instrumental | *sverěpyjimi | *sverěpyjimi | *sverěpyjimi |
| locative | *sverěpyjixъ | *sverěpyjixъ | *sverěpyjixъ |
| vocative | *sverěpiji | *sverěpyję̇ | *sverěpaja |
Derived terms
- *sverěpostь, *sverěpota (abstract nouns)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: sveřěpý
- Czech: sveřepý
- Old Polish: świerzepi, świerzepy, świerzopi, świerzopy
- Slovak: sverepý
- Old Czech: sveřěpý
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “свире́пый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “свиреп”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 553
- “šiurpti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “srep”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *svȇrpъ, *sverě̋pъ”