Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tǫga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tangā. Equivalent to the o-grade of *tęgati (“to pull”) +‎ *-a. Cognate to Proto-Albanian *tangā (whence Albanian tangë).

Noun

*tǭgà f

sadness, melancholy

Inflection

Declension of *tǭgà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tǭgà	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ
genitive	*tǭgỳ	*tǭgù	*tǫ̃gъ
dative	*tǭdzě̀	*tǭgàma	*tǭgàmъ
accusative	*tǭgǫ̀	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ
instrumental	tǭgòjǫ, tǫ̃gǫ^**	*tǭgàma	*tǭgàmī
locative	*tǭdzě̀	*tǭgù	tǭgàsъ, tǭgàxъ^*
vocative	*tǫgo	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*tęgati (“to pull, extract”)
*tęgnǫti (“to pull”)
*tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”)
*tęťi (“to pull”)
*tęželъ
*tęžьkъ (“heavy”)
*tǫgъ (“tight, solid, tough”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: туга (tuga)
  - Belarusian: ту́га (túha)
  - Russian: туга́ (tugá), ту́га (túga) (dialectal)
  - Ukrainian: ту́га (túha)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: тѫга (tǫga)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱅⱘⰳⰰ (tǫga)
- Bulgarian: тъга́ (tǎgá), тъ́нга (tǎ́nga) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: тага (taga)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ту́га
  
  Latin script: túga
  - Chakavian (Novi): tūgȁ, tȗga
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): tūgȁ, tȗga
- Slovene: toga
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: túha
  - Czech: touha
- Polish: tęga (obsolete)
- Slovak: túha
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: tuha

References

Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tǭgà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 495
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “туга́”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress