Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-p-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Infix

*-p-

Increases the degree of an adjective.

Usage notes

The infix is preceded by reduplication of the onset and first vowel of the adjective to which it is added.
‎*kara (“black”) + ‎*-p- → ‎*kapkara (“so black, jet-black”)

‎*yeŋgül (“lightweight”) + ‎*-p- → ‎*yepyeŋgül (“so light (weight)”)

‎*uŕïn (“long”) + ‎*-p- → ‎*upuŕïn (“so long”)

Related terms

*yapyaŋï (“brand new”)
*kapkara (“jet-black”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: -п- (-p-)
Proto-Common Turkic: *-p-:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Turkish: -p-, -s-, -m-, -pa-, -pe-
  - Gagauz: -p-
  - Azerbaijani: -p-
- Salar: -p-
- Turkmen: -p-
- Khorasani Turkish: -p-
- Qashqai: -p-
Karluk:
- Uyghur: ـپـ (-p-)
- Uzbek: -p-
- Ili Turki: -p-
- Äynu: -p-
Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
  - Nogai: -п- (-p-)
  - Kazakh: -п- (-p-)
  - Karakalpak: -p-
- North Kipchak
  - Tatar: -п- (-p-)
  - Bashkir: -п- (-p-)
  - Siberian Tatar: -п-
- West Kipchak:
  - Kumyk: -п- (-p-)
  - Crimean Tatar: -п-
  - Karaim: -п-
  - Karachay-Balkar: -п- (-p-)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: -п- (-p-)
  - Southern Altai: -п- (-p-)