Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/biŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From *bẹ-/*bi- +‎ *-ŕ.

Pronoun

*biŕ

we

Inflection

Declension of *biŕ
(*pronominal-n declension*)
	singular
nominative	*biŕ
accusative	*biŕni
genitive	*biŕniŋ
dative	*biŕiŋe
locative	*biŕinte
ablative	*biŕinten
allative ¹⁾	*biŕiŋerü
instrumental ¹⁾	*biŕnin
equative ¹⁾	*biŕinče
similative ¹⁾	*biŕinleyü
comitative ¹⁾	*biŕinligü

1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.

Postposition

*biŕ

Denotes "to be" for first person plural when at the end of an object; are
Denotes first person plural after various tenses

Related terms

*siŕ (“you (plural)”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: эпир (ep̬ir)
Proto-Common Turkic: *biz

Arghu:
- Khalaj: biz
Oghuz:
- Proto-Oghuz: *biz
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: بز (biz), ـوز (-viz)
    - Azerbaijani: biz
    - Ottoman Turkish: بز (biz), ـز (-z, -iz)
      - Turkish: biz, -iz
      - Gagauz: biz
  - ⇒ Salar: piser
  - Turkmen: biz, -iz
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: بِزْ (biz)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (biz), [script needed] (biz)
    - Chagatai: بیز (biz)
      - Uzbek: biz
      - Uyghur: بىز (biz)
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: بز (biz)
  - Mamluk-Kipchak: بز (biz)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: беҙ (beź)
    - Tatar: без (bez)
  - West Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: biz
    - Karachay-Balkar: биз (biz)
    - Kumyk: биз (biz)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Caspian:
      - Kazakh: біз (bız)
      - Karakalpak: biz
      - Nogai: биз (biz)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      - Kyrgyz: биз (biz)
      - Southern Altai: бис (bis)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰕 (b²iz /⁠biz⁠/)
  - Old Uyghur: pʾz (biz)
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (pız)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: биһиги (bihigi)
  - Yakut: биһиги (bihigi)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tofa: биъс (bis)
    - Tuvan: бис (bis)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: пiс (pis)
    - Shor: пiс (pis)

Further reading

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bĭ̀”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill